1. Energy Def: the capacity to do work 2 kinds –Kinetic Energy of motion –Potential Stored energy

3. Chemical Reaction Types Exergonic Release energy Endergonic Consume energy

4. all an organisms chemical reactions Break down complex molecules into simpler molecules, and building complex molecules from simpler ones

6. ATP Adenosine Triphosphate Energy “currency” of our cells

7. So how does this relate to exergonic and endergonic reactions????

8. How does this relate to work within the cells?

9. In order for any reaction to occur, bonds have to be broken. This takes ENERGY ACTIVATION ENERGY  energy required to get a reaction started Good Animation

10. ENZYMES LOWER THE ACTIVATION ENERGY

11. What type of a molecule is an enzyme????? Protein Remember that a protein has a specific 3-D shape

13. Enzymes Show specificity (each enzyme can catalyze one / VERY few reactions) Are reusable (shape is unchanged) Lower activation energy thus speeding up the reaction rate Are proteins Destroy shape=destroy function (for all proteins) –Called denaturation

14. Conditio n Trial 1Trial 2Trial 3Average toothpicks only toothpicks + nails toothpicks and tape Your hand was  why? Toothpick was  why? Nail was  why? Tape was  why?

15. Inhibitors Competitive –Is similar to the substrate and can fit into the active site, but no reaction occurs. Blocks the substrate from entering Noncompetitive –Binds to the enzyme at a place that IS NOT THE ACTIVE SITE but changes the shape of the active site, now there’s no fit between active site and substrate

16. Cofactors Something required by enzyme in order to function –Can be inorganic (iron, zinc… remember the trace elements?) –Can be organic (coenzyme) Vitamins are coenzymes

17. Ion Examples of enzymes containing this ion CupricCytochrome oxidase Ferrous or Ferric Catalase CytochromeCatalase Cytochrome(via Heme) Nitrogenase HydrogenaseHeme Nitrogenase Hydrogenase Magnesium Glucose 6-phosphatase Hexokinase ManganeseArginase MolybdenumNitrate reductase NickelUrease SeleniumGlutathione peroxidase Zinc Alcohol dehydrogenase Carbonic anhydrase DNA polymerase

18. CofactorVitaminAdditional component Chemical group(s) transferred Thiamine diphosphateThiamine diphosphate [24] [24] ThiamineThiamine (B 1 )None 2-carbon groups, α cleavage NAD + NAD + and NADP + [25]NADP + [25] NiacinNiacin (B 3 )ADPElectrons Pyridoxal phosphatePyridoxal phosphate [26] [26] PyridoxinePyridoxine (B 6 )None Amino and carboxyl groups MethylcobalaminMethylcobalamin [27] [27] Vitamin B12Methyl groupacyl groups BiotinBiotin [28] [28] BiotinBiotin (H)NoneCO 2 Coenzyme ACoenzyme A [29] [29] Pantothenic acidPantothenic acid (B 5 )ADP Acetyl groupAcetyl group and other acyl groups acyl groups Tetrahydrofolic acidTetrahydrofolic acid [30] [30] Folic acidFolic acid (B 9 )GlutamateGlutamate residues MethylMethyl, formyl, methylene and formimino groupsformyl methylene Ascorbic acidAscorbic acid [32] [32] Vitamin CNoneElectrons Flavin mononucleotideFlavin mononucleotide [33] [33] RiboflavinRiboflavin (B 2 )NoneElectrons Flavin adenine dinucleotideFlavin adenine dinucleotide [33] [33] RiboflavinRiboflavin (B 2 )NoneElectrons Coenzyme F420Coenzyme F420 [34] [34] RiboflavinRiboflavin (B 2 )Amino acidsElectrons Vitamins and derivatives

20. Can environmental factors effect enzymes? Enzyme source: lactase