1. ORGANIC CHEMISTRY Chapter 24 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

2. Common Elements in Organic Compounds

3. Organic Prefixes Number of CarbonsPrefix 1Meth- 2Eth- 3Prop- 4But- 5Pent- 6Hex- 7Hept- 8Oct- 9Non- 10Dec-

4. Alkanes  All single covalent bonds  saturated hydrocarbons because they contain the maximum number of hydrogen atoms that can bond with the number of carbon atoms in the molecule  General Formula  C n H 2n+2 CH 4 C2H6C2H6 C3H8C3H8 methaneethanepropane

5. Alkenes  One double bond  unsaturated hydrocarbons because they contain the atleast one double or triple  General Formula  C n H 2n C2H4C2H4 C3H6C3H6 ethenepropene

6. Alkynes  One triple bond  Also an unsaturated hydrocarbon  General Formula  C n H 2n-2 C2H2C2H2 C3H4C3H4 ethynepropyne

7. Structural isomers: molecules that have the same molecular formula but different structures

8. How many structural isomers does pentane, C 5 H 12, have? CCCC C HHHHH H HHHHH H CCC C HCH 3 HH H HHHH H CC C H H H HH H n-pentane 2-methylbutane 2,2-dimethylpropane

9. Alkyl Groups  Functional groups that branch off the main carbon chain  An alkane with one less hydrogen CH 4 methane CH 3 methyl

10. The parent name of the hydrocarbon is that given to the longest continuous chain of carbon atoms in the molecule. CH 3 CH 2 CHCH 2 CH 3 1234567 4-methylheptane Alkane Nomenclature

11. Number in the direction that gives the smaller numbers for the locations of the branches. CH 3 CHCH 2 CH 3 12345 2-methylpentane CH 3 CH 2 CHCH 3 12345 4-methylpentane Numbering Alkane Branches

12. Use prefixes di-, tri-, tetra-, when there is more than one alkyl branch of the same kind. CH 3 CH CH 2 CH 3 123456 2,3-dimethylhexane CH 3 CHCCH 2 CH 3 12 3 456 3,3-dimethylhexane Multiple Alkane Branches

13. CH 3 CH CH 3 Br 1234 NO 2 2-bromo-3-nitrobutane CH 2 CHCH 3 Br 1234 NO 2 1-bromo-3-nitrobutane Non-Carbon Branches

14. What is the IUPAC name of the following compound? 1234567 8 CH 3 CHCH 2 CHCH 2 CH 3 C2H5C2H5 CH 2 CH 3 4-ethyl-2-methyloctane Practice Naming

15. Cycloalkanes  Alkanes whose carbon atoms are joined in rings  General Formula:  C n H 2n

16. C C C CC C H H H H H H C C C CC C H H H H H H Aromatic Hydrocarbons  Starting with the basic structure of benzene

17. CH 2 CH 3 ethylbenzene Cl chlorobenzene NH 2 aminobenzene NO 2 nitrobenzene 1 2 3 4 5 6 Br 1,2-dibromobenzene Br 1,3-dibromobenzene Aromatic Hydrocarbon Nomenclature  Examples:

18. Functional Groups

19. Alcohols  General Formula:  R-OH  Example:

20. Common products that contain alcohols Rubbing Alcohol Hair Gel Cough Medicine

21. Ether  General Formula  R-O-R’  Example: Dimethyl Ether

22. Common products that contain ethers Starter Fluid Anise Seed used for bread and cookies Some Cosmetics

23. R C H O H C H O H C O CH 3 formaldehydeacetaldehyde Aldehydes  General Formula:  Example: Some Fragrances

24. Ketones  General Formula:  Example: R C R’ O C O CH 3 H3CH3C acetone Nail Polish Remover

25. Carboxylic Acids  General Formula:  R-COOH  Example

26. Common products that contain carboxylic acids Some Fruits Vinegar Coconut

27. Esters  General Formula:  R’COOR  Example: Methyl ethanoate

28. Common products that contain esters Bananas Flowers Oranges Responsible for different smells!

29. Amines  General Formula:  R 3 N Cheese Chocolate