2. - Alcohols  R—OH Functional Group = hydroxyl group = OH
Alcohol names all end in –ol.
Numbers tell which C atom the OH is attached to.
Ex: 1-propanol
parent: propane
molecular: C3H7OH
empirical: C3H8O
structural: CH3CH2CH2OH H C OH
 Because it has 1 OH, it is a monohydroxy alcohol
The OH group makes alcohols polar.
Alcohols dissolve in water because H2O is polar: OH + - H O +

3. Compare: Alcohols Bases
OH group: covalently attached an ion in solution
electrolyte: no yes
water soluble… yes yes
because…. OH is polar OH- is ion
Ex. 1,2-ethanediol is a
dihydroxy alcohol
(two OH groups)
Ex. 1,2,3-propanetriol
is a trihydroxy alcohol
(three OH groups) H C
(aka
ethylene
glycol) O H O H H C
(aka
glycerol) O H O H O H

4. ethylene glycol O H C
Ethylene glycol is widely used as an automotive antifreeze and a precursor to polymers. In its pure form, it is an odorless, colorless, syrupy, sweet-tasting liquid. Ethylene glycol is toxic, and ingestion can result in death.

5. --> clear, sweet tasting, oily liquid
Glycerin (glycerol):
--> clear, sweet tasting, oily liquid
--> used to keep dried fruits and pastry fillings moist,
in toothpaste, hand creams, eye and ear drops,
suppositories (for laxatives, eg), and as an
antifreeze
Also:
glycerin + nitric acid --> glycerol trinitrate
aka nitroglycerin
(dynamite)
H2SO4
for drying

6. Ex. ethanol (ethyl alcohol) = drug, solvent, fuel parent: ethane
molecular: C2H5OH
empirical: C2H6O
condensed: CH3CH2OH H C OH
Ex. Alcohols can also be classified as:
1/ primary: OH attached to an end C as in ethanol
2/ secondary: OH is attached to a C
that is directly attached to two other
C atoms. At right: 2-butanol 
3/ tertiary: OH is attached to a C
that is directly attached to three
other C atoms
At right: 2-methyl, 2-propanol  H C O H C O

7. Ex. For each example below, give the name. Circle if a mono-,
di-, or trihydroxy and if a primary, secondary or tertiary alcohol.
1/ 3/
name: _________________ name: ________________
type: mono- di tri type: mono- di tri-
class: prim. sec. tert. class: prim. sec. tert.
2/ 4/ OH H C K OH
methanol
KOH H C O H C H C H C H C H C H C H H O H O H O H
2,3,4-hexanetriol
3-methyl, 2-pentanol

8. Ethers - two C chains joined by an oxygen O “bridge” Formula: R—O—R‘
Name: (name R without -ane) + oxy + name of R‘
Ex. methoxymethane aka: dimethyl ether
molecular: C2H6O
condensed: CH3OCH3
Ex. methoxyethane aka: methyl ethyl ether
molecular: C3H8O
condensed: CH3OCH2CH3 H C O H C O

9. Ethers are common in organic chemistry and pervasive in biochemistry, as they are common linkages in carbohydrates and lignin.

10. D. Aldehydes: When a carbonyl group (—C=O) replaces
the CH2 at the end of a hydrocarbon
Formula R—C—H Name: replace –e with –al
Ex. methane: methanal: aka: formaldehyde
molecular: CH2O
structural: HCOH
Ex. ethane: ethanal: aka: acetaldehyde
molecular: C2H4O
structural: CH3COH
or:
CH3 O H C O C H O C H C H C H O C

11. Carbonyl group:
C=O
Formaldehyde was the first polyatomic organic molecule detected in the interstellar medium[6] and since its initial detection has been observed in many regions of the galaxy.

12. Carbonyl group:
C=O
Acetaldehyde occurs naturally in coffee, bread, and ripe fruit, and is produced by plants as part of their normal metabolism. It is also produced by oxidation of ethanol and is popularly believed to be a cause of hangovers.[2]

13. E. Ketones: When a carbonyl group (—C=O) replaces a C
in the interior of a hydrocarbon:
Formula: R—C—R' Name: replace –e with –one
Ex. propane: propanone: aka: acetone
molecular: C3H6O
condensed: CH3COCH3
or:
CH3CCH3
Ex. Isomers: 2-pentanone and pentanone:
condensed: CH3CHOCH2CH2CH CH3CH2CHOCH2CH3 O H C H C C O O H C C O H C C O

14. The word ketone comes from the word: acetone
Ketones are produced on massive scales in industry as solvents, polymer precursors, and pharmaceuticals.

15. Organic Acids are formed by adding the carboxyl group
–COOH to a hydrocarbon chain. They are weak acids and
weak electrolytes, and are known as carboxylic acids
Functional group = --COOH = —C—OH
Name: replace –e with –oic acid
Ex. ethanoic acid (aka acetic acid in vinegar):
molecular: HC2H3O2
condensed: CH3COOH
or:
CH3 O
ethane:
ethanoic
acid: H C
C —OH O H C O
C—OH

16. Ex. A fatty acid is a carboxylic acid –COOH with a
long unbranched hydrocarbon chain “tail.”
the “fatty” tail
the acid
Saturated fatty acids:
-single C-C bonds
-pack closely
-solids at room temp
-animal “fats”
Unsaturated fatty acids:
-double C=C bonds
bend up the tail
-liquids at room temp
-vegetable “oils”

17. Fats and oils are triglycerides
Fats and oils are triglycerides. They are formed when the alcohol glycerol combines with
3 fatty acids by condensing out water.

19. benzoic acid --COOH Used in toothpastes, mouthwashes,
cosmetics and deodorants for its antimicrobial
properties

20. ascorbic acid – Vitamin C
--COOH

21. Esters have the functional group: General formula:
They are the result of an esterification reaction:
organic alcohol  water ester
acid
Ex.
Sulfuric acid (H2SO4) is used as a catalyst and as a
dehydrating agent to remove the water, which is why
this is sometimes called condensation reaction.
H2SO4

22. alcohol + acid…es terrifying!

23. Notice: In the general formula:
Naming: The alkyl name of the alcohol is added to
the acid group modified to end in –oate or -ate
Esters have strong, fragrant aromas and are the
cause of the odors and flavors of pineapple, banana,
wintergreen and oranges.
Ex. The smell of pineapples is due to ethyl butyrate
ethanol + butanoic acid  water ethyl butyrate
(alcohol) (ester)
this part is from
the alcohol
this part comes
from the acid

24. ethanol + butanoic acid  water + ethyl butyrate
(alcohol) (ester)
From the acid:
From the alcohol:
acid:
alcohol:

25. octanol + acetic acid  water + octyl acetate
(alcohol) (ester)
From the acid:
From the alcohol:
acid:
alcohol: