1. The Reformation 1500s

2. The Reformers
Martin Luther
John Calvin
Henry VIII

3. Remember:
The Church was incredibly powerful and influential-even over nobility
They taught that they could not be wrong about anything.
If you disagreed you could be excommunicated (or declared a heretic…death)

4. However:
New literacy (Gutenberg’s printing press) led to new interpretation of Bible
Scientific advances which contradicted the church
The behavior of some priests during the Black Death gave people doubt
Humanism led to new ideas about the importance of every individual

5. Martin Luther Lived in Germany, trained in law Chooses life as a monk
Upset over local corruption
Priest Tetzel selling indulgences (tickets to heaven)
Collects ideas and writes 95 Theses

6. Luther's 95 Theses
A list of things he thought were wrong (95 Complaints)-mailed to Pope
The Power of the Pope…all are equal in eyes of God
The Extreme Wealth of the Church
Indulgences (Catholic concept of salvation)
No celibacy, vernacular, faith alone!

7. Luther's 95 Theses Gutenberg’s printing press spread ideas
Gained support from people… especially peasants*
Criticism/negative reaction from Rome

10. Luther on Trial The Diet of Worms (court trial)
1520 Pope Leo X orders Luther to give up his beliefs (recant)
Luther burned the order and was excommunicated
Luther went into hiding where he translated the New Testament into German – spreading his beliefs even further-equality in faith, mass in vernacular!

11. Acceptance of Reforms
Some local German churches accepted Luther’s ideas
Lutheranism was formed
Supported by German princes* who issued a formal “protest” against the church for suppressing the reforms
The reformers came to be known as [PROTEST]ants - Protestants

12. CALVINISM Started in Switzerland – Calvinists England = Puritans
Scotland = Presbyterians
Holland = Dutch Reform
France = Huguenots*
Germany = Reform Church

13. John Calvin Anti-Catholic Influenced by Martin Luther
Disagreed with Luther’s “salvation through faith alone.”
Believed theocracy best government
Created his own Protestant denomination in Switzerland

14. Calvin believed: Purified approach to life:
No drinking, swearing, card playing, gambling etc..
“puritan work ethic”

15. Predestination Calvin believed in: Predestination
At birth it is already decided if you will go to heaven or hell

16. John Calvin “May little chickens dig out your eyes 100,000 times.”
- Calvin speaking to another reformer whose ideas he disagreed with

17. For what cause would you risk burning at the stake?

18. 1529 Religious Wars in Germany
1. German princes vs. Emperor Charles V 2. Charles V wins, but can’t force everyone back to Catholic Church Peace of Augsburg: Official faith decided by local ruler

19. 1600 A.D. 1560 A.D. 1500 A.D. # of followers Catholic
Protestant (Lutheran, Anglican, etc.)

20. The Catholic Church wants to stop the spread of Protestantism
It was losing members which meant: losing money, land and authority
They refocused and reformed a number of practices following the:
Council of Trent (Catholic Reformation)
Opened theology schools to counter Protestant experts (ex/ Jesuits)
Some History Channel show on the Reformation

21. The Council of Trent
Catholic bishops gathered to reform and counter Protestants
No more indulgences
Church decides interpretation of Bible
7 sacraments not just bap/com
Pilgrimage/penance forgive sins (good works + faith upheld)
Clerical celibacy upheld
Mass continue in Latin

22. Eastern Orthodox Christianity by 1700 Protestant Catholic Lutheran
Calvinism
Puritan
Presbyterian
Huguenots
Mennonites/Amish