2. Before the ReformationBefore the Reformation  15 th century- Christian humanism (aka Northern Renaissance humanism)  Goal: reform of the Catholic Church  Christian humanists believed in the ability of human beings to reason and improve themselves  Believed that people who read the Bible became sincerely religious

3. Desiderius ErasmusDesiderius Erasmus  Best known Christian humanist  Believed Christianity should show people how to live good lives on a daily basis  Called for the Church to return to simpler days  Pilgrimages, fasts, and relics were not important to him.

4. Need for ReformNeed for Reform  Popes from 1450-1520 a series of popes were more concerned with Italian politics and worldly issues than with the spiritual needs  Parish priests did not place concerns on the spiritual needs of the people  Parishioners wanted to know how to save their souls, priests did not give instruction

5. Need for ReformNeed for Reform  Parishioners wanted to know and have assurance that they would have salvation (acceptance into heaven)  Church promised indulgences- people had to pay money to the church and the church promised in return that the parishioners would get into heaven

6. Martin LutherMartin Luther  Catholic monk  From Germany  Against selling of indulgences  Ninety-five Theses  Martin Luther wrote 95 reasons why he was against the teachings of the Catholic Church  Posted it to the Church of Wittenberg’s doors

7. Break With The ChurchBreak With The Church  Martin Luther wanted to break from the Catholic Church  Luther- against the system of sacraments  Only sacraments Luther kept were baptism and Eucharist  Luther calls for a new emphasis on salvation  Luther said faith alone justifies salvation, not good works

8. Rise of LutheranismRise of Lutheranism  Luther’s ideas gained support  Luther set up new religious services to replace the Catholic mass  Lutheranism was the first Protestant faith

9. Break With The ChurchBreak With The Church  The pope excommunicated Luther- January 1521  Diet of Worms- Emperor tried to get Luther to change his ideas  Emperor at the time- Charles V

10. Martin Luther’s BeliefsMartin Luther’s Beliefs  Did not believe in sale of indulgences  Believed Christians reached heaven only through faith in God  Did not believe that priests had special powers  Followers called themselves Protestants

11. Politics and the Reformation  Religious authority primarily saw the Reformation as a challenge to Church power  Rulers saw the Reformation as a force that disrupted the political and social order

12. Causes of the ReformationCauses of the Reformation  The Renaissance- Humanism led people to question Church authority. They placed increasing faith in human reason  Strong Monarchs- strong national monarchs were emerging. Sometimes they increased their own power by supporting reformers against the Church  Problems in the Church- selling of indulgences, religious were living lavish lifestyles

13. John CalvinJohn Calvin  Another reformer like Martin Luther  Believed Christians could read heaven only through faith in God  Promoted the idea of predestination  Began his own sect of Christianity which spread to Germany, France, Scotland, and England

14. John Calvin’s BeliefsJohn Calvin’s Beliefs  Believed Christians reached heaven only through faith in God  Believed people are born sinners  Preached predestination  Ideas spread to Germany, France, Holland, England and Scotland

15. Reformation in EnglandReformation in England  Began with King Henry VIII  The King wanted to divorce his wife, Catherine of Aragon  Catherine did not produce a male heir for Henry to pass the throne to  King Henry VIII wanted to marry Anne Boleyn  Pope was unwilling to annul King Henry’s marriage to Catherine

17. Reformation in EnglandReformation in England  Archbishop of Canterbury Thomas Cranmer declared King Henry’s marriage “null and void”  1534- Parliament finalized England’s break with the pope and the Catholic Church  Act of Supremacy- declared the king had control over religious doctrine

18. Anabaptists  Anabaptists are reformers who did not want so much religious power to be given to the state  Believed in a complete separation of church and state  Anabaptists believed that believing in the religion was voluntary  Followers went through a personal rebirth and were baptized

19. Reformation and SocietyReformation and Society  Martin Luther believed and taught that all children should gain an education that is provided by the state  Schools, according to Luther, were to teach Greek and Latin  Protestants required celibacy of their clergy  Calvin and Luther saw a role for women

20. Counter ReformationCounter Reformation  Reform movement taking place within the Roman Catholic Church  Movement was also called the Catholic Reformation  Goal: strengthen the Catholic Church and to keep Catholics from converting to Protestantism

21. Ignatius LoyolaIgnatius Loyola  Loyola founded the Society of Jesus, also known as the Jesuits  Jesuits- religious order that emphasized spiritual and moral discipline and strict obedience of the Catholic authority (the pope)  Jesuits saw themselves as defenders of the Catholic faith

22. Long-term EffectsLong-term Effects  Religious wars break out in Europe for more than 100 years  Catholic reformation takes place  Inquisition becomes stronger  Many Jews forced into Eastern Europe

23. Short-term EffectsShort-term Effects  Peasant revolt  Lutheran, Calvinist, Anglican, and other Protestant churches founded  Holy Roman emperor weakened