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The Reformation
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Luther Challenges the Church Luther was a monk and teacher He was spiritually uncomfortable: felt sinful, lost, rejected by God In 1517, he decided to take action against Johann Tetzel who was selling indulgences to raise money to rebuild St. Peter’s Cathedral October 31, 1517: Possted 95 Theses to door of Wittenberg Church
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Luther’s Teachings He went beyond criticizing indulgences Salvation by faith alone – not faith and good works taught by the Church Bible is the source of authority – pope and Church traditions were false authorities All people with faith equal – did not need priests to interpret Bible Only valid sacraments: baptism and the Eucharist
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Response to Luther Initially, Rome viewed Luther as a rebellious monk As Luther’s ideas became more popular, the Church saw him as a threat 1520: Pope Leo X threatened him with excommunication unless he recanted - he refused Holy Roman Emperor Charles V summoned him to Worms to force him to recant – he refused Edict of Worms: Luther made an outlaw
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Frederick the Wise of Saxony hid Luther in one of his castles for a year Luther translated the New Testament into German while there Some people began to apply Luther’s revolutionary ideas to society – in 1524, German peasants demanded an end to serfdom The peasants raided monasteries, burned the countryside; but Luther rejected them and urged the German princes to show them no mercy Many peasants rejected Luther’s religious leadership
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The Thirty Years’ War Charles V went to war against the Protestant princes He defeated them but failed to force them back to the Catholic Church In the Peace of Augsburg, Charles was forced to agree that each prince would decide the religion of his state
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England Become Protestant Henry VIII, the Tudor king of England, was married to Catherine of Aragon They had a daughter, Mary, but she did not give him a son Convinced that Catherine would have no more children, he sought to divorce her so he could marry Anne Boleyn He asked to the Church to annul the marriage – the Church would not So he called the Parliament into session and asked that the pope’s power in England be ended – this was the Reformation Parliament
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In 1534, Parliament voted to approve the Act of Supremacy, which recognized the king’s divorce and accepted Henry as the official head of the Church of England Thomas More was executed for his refusal to take the oath in recognition of Parliament’s actions Anne Boleyn gave Henry another daughter, Elizabeth. Anne was found guilty of treason and executed Henry then married Jane Seymour who gave him a son, Edward VI Henry would marry 3 more times: Anne of Cleves, Catherine Howard, and Catherine Parr
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Henry’s Successors Henry died in 1547 and his son Edward VI took the throne Edward was a minor and was guided by adults who were Protestant – England introduced many Protestant reforms during this time Edward reigned for only 6 years. Mary, the Catholic daughter of Catherine of Aragon, took the throne in 1553 – she returned England to Catholicism Many Protestants were executed when they rebelled – she was known as Bloody Mary
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Elizabeth I When Mary died in 1558, Elizabeth I took the throne Elizabeth restored England to Protestantism She established a Protestant church that moderate Catholics and moderate Protestants might accept Religion would remain a problem; some tried to overthrow her and replace her with her cousin, the Catholic Mary Queen of Scots. Elizabeth had her executed
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John Calvin Zwingli had began a religious reform movement in Zurich – he was killed during fighting between Catholics and Protestants in 1531 John Calvin was beginning to clarify his religious beliefs during that time Calvin believed in predestination, he also believed in salvation by faith alone and believed that the Bible was the source of authority He led the reformation in Switzerland in the city of Geneva John Knox would further Calvin’s ideas in Scotland – followers became known as Presbyterians
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The Catholic Reformation Catholics hoped to halt the spread of Protestantism Two popes took a lead in reforming the Catholic Church 1545-1563: Council of Trent agreed on several doctrines: - church’s interpretation of the Bible was final - Christians needed faith and good works for salvation - Bible and tradition were equally powerful authorities
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