1. Supply Chain Management11
Supply Chain Management

2. Learning Objectives Explain what a supply chain is.
Explain the need to manage a supply chain and the potential benefits of doing so.
Explain the increasing importance of outsourcing.
State the objective of supply chain management.
List the elements of supply chain management.
Identify the strategic, tactical, and operations issues in supply chain management.
Describe the bullwhip effect and the reasons why it occurs.

3. Learning Objectives Explain the value of strategic partnering.
Discuss the critical importance of information exchange across a supply chain.
Outline the key steps and potential challenges in creating an effective supply chain.
Explain the importance of the purchasing function in business organizations.
Describe the responsibilities of purchasing.
Explain the term value analysis.
Identify several guidelines for ethical behavior in purchasing.

4. Supply Chain Management
Supply Chain: the sequence of organizations—their facilities, functions, and activities—that are involved in producing and delivering a product or service.
Supply Chain Management: Strategic coordination of the supply chain for purpose of integrating supply and demand management
** Sometimes referred to as value chain

5. Facilities Warehouses Factories Processing centers
Distribution centers
Retail outlets
Offices

6. Functions and Activities
Forecasting
Purchasing
Inventory management
Information management
Quality assurance
Scheduling
Production and delivery
Customer service

7. Typical Supply Chains Purchasing Receiving Storage Operations
Production
Distribution

8. Typical Supply Chain for a Manufacturer
Figure 11.1a
Supplier
Storage }
Mfg.
Dist.
Retailer
Customer

9. Typical Supply Chain for a Service
Figure 11.1b
Supplier }
Storage
Service
Customer

10. Need for Supply Chain Management
Improve operations
Increasing levels of outsourcing
Increasing transportation costs
Competitive pressures
Increasing globalization
Increasing importance of e-business
Complexity of supply chains
Manage inventories

11. Bullwhip Effect Figure 11.3 Demand Initial Supplier Final Customer
Inventory oscillations become progressively larger looking backward through the supply chain

12. Global Supply Chains Increasingly more complex Language Culture
Currency fluctuations
Political
Transportation costs
Local capabilities
Finance and economics
Government
Regulatory issues
Environmental issues

13. Benefits of Effective Supply Chain Management
Organization
Benefit
Campbell Soup
Doubled inventory turnover rate
Hewlett-Packard
Cut supply costs 75%
Samsung
Reduce inventory buffer from 21 to 15 days
Wal-Mart
Largest and most profitable retailer in the world

14. Benefits of Supply Chain Management
Lower inventories
Higher productivity
Greater agility
Shorter lead times
Higher profits
Greater customer loyalty
Integrates separate organizations into a cohesive operating system

15. Elements of Supply Chain Management
Table 11.1
Deciding how to best move and store materials
Logistics
Determining location of facilities
Location
Monitoring supplier quality, delivery, and relations
Suppliers
Evaluating suppliers and supporting operations
Purchasing
Meeting demand while managing inventory costs
Inventory
Controlling quality, scheduling work
Processing
Incorporating customer wants, manufacturing, and time
Design
Predicting quantity and timing of demand
Forecasting
Determining what customers want
Customers
Typical Issues
Element

16. Strategic or Operational
Two types of decisions in supply chain management
Strategic: design and policy
Operational: day-to-day activities
Major decisions areas
Location
Production
Inventory
Distribution

17. Logistics
Logistics
Refers to movement of materials, services, cash and information in a supply chain
Movement within the facility
Incoming and outgoing shipments
Distribution Requirements Planning (DRP)
Third Party Logistics (3PLs)
Reverse Logistics

18. Movement within a Facility
Figure 11.4
RECEIVING
Storage
Work
center
Work center
Shipping

19. Distribution Requirements Planning
Distribution requirements planning (DRP) is a system for inventory management and distribution planning
Extends the concepts of MRPII

20. Uses of DRP Management uses DRP to plan and coordinate: Transportation
Warehousing
Workers
Equipment
Financial flows

21. Reverse Logistics
Reverse logistics: the backward flow of goods returned to the supply chain from their final destination
Processing returned goods
Sorting, examining/testing, restocking, repairing
Reconditioning, recycling, disposing
Gatekeeping: screening goods to prevent incorrect acceptance of goods
Avoidance: finding ways to minimize the number of items that are returned

22. e-Business
e-Business: the use of electronic technology to facilitate business transactions
Applications include:
Internet buying and selling
Order and shipment tracking
Electronic data interchange

23. Advantages of e-Business
Companies can:
Have a global presence
Improve competitiveness and quality
Analyze customer interests
Collect detailed information
Shorten supply chain response times
Realize substantial cost savings
Create virtual companies
Level the playing field for small companies

24. Disadvantages of e-Business
Customer expectations
Order quickly -> fast delivery
Order fulfillment
Order rate often exceeds ability to fulfill it
Inventory holding
Outsourcing - loss of control
Internal holding costs

25. Effective Supply Chain
Requires linking the market, distribution channels processes, and suppliers
Supply chain should enable members to:
Share forecasts
Determine the status of orders in real time
Access inventory data of partners

26. Successful Supply Chain
Trust among trading partners
Effective communications
Supply chain visibility
Event-management capability
The ability to detect and respond to unplanned events
Performance metrics

27. SCOR Model
Figure 11.5

28. SCOR Metrics Figure 11.5 Perspective Metrics Reliability
On-time delivery
Order fulfillment lead time
Fill rate (fraction of demand met from stock)
Perfect order fulfillment
Flexibility
Supply chain response time
Upside production flexibility
Expenses
Supply chain management costs
Warranty cost as a percent of revenue
Value added per employee
Assets/utilization
Total inventory days of supply
Cash-to-cash cycle time
Net asset turns

29. RFID Technology Used to track goods in supply chain
RFID tag attached to object
Similar to bar codes but uses radio frequency to transmit product information to receiver
RFID eliminates need for manual counting and bar code scanning

30. CPFR Collaborative Planning, Forecasting, and Replenishment
Focuses on information sharing among trading partners
Forecasts can be frozen and then converted into a shipping plan
Eliminates typical order processing

31. CPFR Process Step 1: Front-end agreement Step 2: Joint business plan
Steps 3–5: Sales forecast
Steps 6–8: Order forecast collaboration
Step 9: Order generation/delivery execution

32. Creating an Effective Supply Chain
Develop strategic objectives and tactics
Integrate and coordinate activities in the internal supply chain
Coordinate activities with suppliers and customers
Coordinate planning and execution across the supply chain
Form strategic partnerships

33. Supply Chain Performance Drivers
Quality
Cost
Flexibility
Velocity
Customer service

34. Velocity Inventory velocity Information velocity
The rate at which inventory (material) goes through the supply chain
Information velocity
The rate at which information is communicated in a supply chain

35. Challenges Barriers to integration of organizations
Getting top management on board
Dealing with trade-offs
Small businesses
Variability and uncertainty
Response time

36. Trade-Offs Lot-size-inventory Inventory-transportation costs
Bullwhip effect
Inventory-transportation costs
Cross-docking
Lead time-transportation costs
Product variety-inventory
Delayed differentiation
Cost-customer service
Disintermediation

37. Trade-Offs Bullwhip effect Cross-docking
Inventories are progressively larger moving backward through the supply chain
Cross-docking
Goods arriving at a warehouse from a supplier are unloaded from the supplier’s truck and loaded onto outbound trucks
Avoids warehouse storage

38. Trade-Offs Delayed differentiation Disintermediation
Production of standard components and subassemblies, which are held until late in the process to add differentiating features
Disintermediation
Reducing one or more steps in a supply chain by cutting out one or more intermediaries

39. Supply Chain Issues Operating Issues Tactical Issues Strategic Issues
Quality control
Production planning and control
Inventory policies
Purchasing policies
Production policies
Transportation policies
Quality policies
Design of the supply chain, partnering
Operating Issues
Tactical Issues
Strategic Issues

40. Supply Chain Benefits and Drawbacks
Table 11.4
Problem
Potential
Improvement
Benefits
Possible
Drawbacks
Large inventories
Smaller, more frequent deliveries
Reduced holding costs
Traffic congestion
Increased costs
Long lead times
Delayed differentiation
Disintermediation
Quick response
May not be feasible
May need to absorb functions
Large number of parts
Modular
Fewer parts
Simpler ordering
Less variety
Cost
Quality
Outsourcing
Reduced cost, higher quality
Loss of control
Variability
Shorter lead times, better forecasts
Able to match supply and demand

41. Purchasing
Purchasing is responsible for obtaining the materials, parts, and supplies and services needed to produce a product or provide a service.
Purchasing cycle: Series of steps that begins with a request for purchase and ends with notification of shipment received in satisfactory condition.

42. Goal of Purchasing
Develop and implement purchasing plans for products and services that support operations strategies

43. Duties/Roles of Purchasing
Identifying sources of supply
Negotiating contracts
Maintaining a database of suppliers
Obtaining goods and services
Managing supplies

44. Purchasing Interfaces
Figure 11.6
Legal
Operations
Accounting
Data
processing
Purchasing
Design
Receiving
Suppliers

45. Purchasing Cycle Requisition received Supplier selected
Order is placed
Monitor orders
Receive orders
Purchasing
Legal
Accounting
Operations
Data
process-
ing
Design
Receiving
Suppliers

46. Centralized vs. Decentralized Purchasing
Purchasing is handled by one department
Decentralized purchasing
Individual departments or separate locations handle their own purchasing requirements

47. Ethics In Purchasing Buyers hold great power
Sellers often eager to sell
Principles:
Loyalty to employer
Justice to those being dealt with
Faith in purchasing profession

48. Supplier Management Choosing suppliers Supplier audits
Supplier certification
Supplier relationships
Supplier partnerships

49. Factors in Choosing a Supplier
Quality and quality assurance
Flexibility
Location
Price

50. Factors in Choosing a Supplier
Product or service changes
Reputation and financial stability
Lead times and on-time delivery
Other accounts

51. Evaluating Sources of Supply
Vendor analysis: Evaluating the sources of supply in terms of price, quality, reputation, and service

52. Suppliers: Adversary vs. Partner
Table 11.7
Aspect
Adversary
Partner
Number of suppliers
Many
One or a few
Length of relationship
May be brief
Long-term
Low price
Major consideration
Moderately important
Reliability
May not be high
High
Openness
Low
Quality
May be unreliable; buyer inspects
At the source; vendor certified
Volume of business
May be low
Flexibility
Relatively low
Relatively high
Location
Widely dispersed
Nearness is important

53. Supplier Partnerships
Ideas from suppliers could lead to improved competitiveness
Reduce cost of making the purchase
Reduce transportation costs
Reduce production costs
Improve product quality
Improve product design
Reduce time to market
Improve customer satisfaction
Reduce inventory costs
Introduce new products or services

54. Operations Strategy: Critical Issues
Strategic importance
Cost
Quality
Agility
Customer service
Competitive advantage
Technology management
Benefits
Risks

55. Operations Strategy: Critical Issues
Purchasing function
Increased outsourcing
Increased conversion to lean production
Just-in-time deliveries
Globalization