1. Medical Requirements for a Mars Mission By: Marlo S. Graves University of Houston, SICSA Masters in Space Architecture

2. Crew Composition –Crew Size – 8 –Duration of Trip Transfer time–183 days Mars stay – 365 days –Skills Required –Medical General Practitioner – 2 Surgeon – 2 Dental – 2 Counselor – 1 –Engineer Electrical – 2 Software – 2 Technical/Mechanical – 3 Nuclear – 2 –Scientists Geologist/Areologist – 2 Biologist – 1 Chemist – 1 Farming/Agronomist – 2 Materials - 1

3. Common Ailments during Long Duration Missions Space motion sickness Injuries – bruises and sprains Eye problems Nasal congestion and bleeding Respiratory problems - bronchitis Middle ear inflammations Skin disorders Toothache Gastrointestinal disorders – nausea, vomiting Nervous system and mental disorders – depression, sleep disorders, hallucinations Heart problems Radiation exposure

4. Size of Medical Kits Apollo 16 7kg Shuttle14 kg 0.15 cm3 Skylab45 kg0.22m3 Freedom (study)460 kg1.7 m3 Mars2000kg10m3 (per vehicle)

5. Allocation of Medical Supplies 20% for Fatal Injuries 30% for Workability 50% for Comfort

6. Types of Kits Microscope Hematology/urinalysis Microbiology I.V. Fluids Drug Minor surgery Dental Diagnostic Bandage

7. Diagnostic Equipment Ultrasound Dosimeters

8. Microgravity Countermeasures Treadmill IRED – resistive exercise device Negative pressure suit Amount of exercise required per day – 2 hrs

9. Design Issues Part of ceiling free from equipment Orienting patients in 3-D Inadequate volume for storage No dedicated and private hygiene facility Crowded conditions Low area lighting and poor portable lighting Limited accessibility to hardware

10. Future issues to discuss Experiments to conduct Laboratory equipment Effects of partial gravity Effects of varying gravity environments on the body (Descent into Mars 5g’s. Crew will probably be unconscious) Waste storage

11. General Equipment List  Ventilation Equipment  Defibrillation Equipment  Surgical Supplies  Anesthesia  Dental Equipment  Pharmaceuticals with a Shelf Life of 3-5 Years  Wound Dressing  Splints  Reusable Needles and Intravenous (IV) Materials  Ultrasound  Blood Products  Hyperbaric Treatment  Waste Storage

12. Large Medical Equipment Items Hyperbaric Chamber –2.8 atmospheres, 100% oxygen –To treat decompression sickness –Make an entire module a hyperbaric chamber Refrigerator –For blood products

13. Monitoring Health ISS –ECLSS takes 2 racks in each module Ventilations –CO2 used as a measure –6000-7000 parts per million on ISS –13,000 parts per million – no health risks –CO2 not recycled – its exposed to space

14. Biomedical monitoring Should be noninvasive –Miniaturize sensors so they don’t interfere Daily –Measure exercise intensity & heart rate –Monitor sleep periods Measure quality of sleep & circadian rhythm Periodical monitoring –Metabolic gases, body temp etc Info sent to med officer, ground and crew member

15. EVA Biomedical Monitoring Measurements inside EVA suit –Air temp, humidity & suit pressure –Metabolic rate, skin temp External variables –Radiation type & dosage –External temperature Predict solar particle events by measuring: –X-ray, optical & radio frequency flares (these precede an SPE between 1hour or 1 day

16. Analysis of Water Benign microbes can be very hazardous to crew b/c of weakened immune system ISS data –100 bacteria per 100ml

17. Summary An entire hospital is required Space no larger than walk-in closet available Preventative Care is the focus Crew compatibility is essential