1. DNA & the Language of Life

2. Why does this cartoon make sense and sound funny???

3. Identifying the Substance of Genes
Multiple scientists conducted experiments that helped determine that DNA is responsible for storing, copying, and carries genetic information. Those scientists are:
Griffith – Bacterial Transformation in Mice Experiments
Avery – Enzyme Experiments
Hershey/Chase – Bacteriophage (virus) Experiments

4. Griffith’s Experiments
Griffith isolated two different strains of the same bacterial (pneumonia) species.
Here’s what he did…

5. So What Happened? …Transformation!
Some “chemical THING” was transferred from the heat-killed cells of the S strain into the live cells of the R strain, making the R strain deadly! This is called Transformation.

6. The Molecular Cause of Transformation
Avery – repeated Griffith’s Transformation experiment many times. He used enzymes to break down various cell materials in the deadly S bacteria. The mouse only survived when the DNA in the bacteria was broken down!
Therefore…DNA is the important molecule in Cells!!

7. Bacterial Viruses
Hershey and Chase studied viruses called Bacteriophages—nonliving particles that can infect bacteria cells.
Bacteriophage means “bacteria-eater”
Hershey & Chase discovered that DNA was the genetic material found in all organisms in “genes”.

8. Discovery of DNA Scientists/Experiments
Conclusion
Griffith
Avery
Hershey & Chase
Bacteriophages
Bacteria Strains/Mice
DNA is genetic material found in “genes”
There is some “chemical thing” that is genetic information.
DNA is the “chemical thing” that can transform bacteria cells
Enzymes/Bacteria/Mice

9. Preview: DNA molecules
DNA Structure
Objectives:
Identify the building blocks of DNA (nucleotides)
Describe DNA’s structure
Use the rules for nitrogen base pairing in DNA
Preview: DNA molecules

11. DNA – DeoxyriboNucleic Acid Discovered by Watson & Crick
Basics
DNA – DeoxyriboNucleic Acid
(It is a type of Nucleic Acid)
It’s Job: Stores genetic information
Polymer made up of monomers called Nucleotides
Discovered by Watson & Crick

12. DNA is a DOUBLE STRANDED molecule
The 2 strands together form a twisted “ladder”
Sugar & Phosphate Backbone makes up the sides of the ladder
Nitrogenous Bases (pairs) make up the rungs of the ladder
Note: This picture is only 1 side of a DNA molecule!

13. Nucleotides are the “building blocks” or monomers that make up DNA

14. Nucleotide Structure Each nucleotide has 3 parts:
1. ring-shaped sugar called deoxyribose
2. phosphate group
3. Nitrogenous Base

15. Nitrogenous Bases Thymine (T) Cytosine (C) Adenine (A) Guanine (G)

16. Complementary Base Pairing Rules
Adenine (A)  Thymine (T)
Guanine (G)  Cytosine (C)
HELD TOGETHER by HYDROGEN BONDS!
Example:
ATG CAG TAC

17. Complimentary Base Pairs (Practice)
ATC GTA ATT GCC TAG GAC TGA CTG
If we stretched out all of the DNA from all of the cells in your body...how long would it be?

18. REVIEW STRUCTURE OF DNA
DNA is a ________ (single or double) stranded molecule.
DNA molecules are made up of many _____________.
List the 4 Nitrogenous bases in DNA:

20. KEY CONCEPT DNA replication copies the genetic information of a cell.11
KEY CONCEPT DNA replication copies the genetic information of a cell.

21. Warm - Up
We talked about 2 processes recently that required DNA to be duplicated or copied for them to take place.
What were those 2 processes?
Why did DNA need to be duplicated/replicated?

22. Basics of DNA Replication
Why?
All cells in an organism needs the same DNA. So, DNA must be copied/replicated exactly before it can be incorporated into all cells!
When does DNA Replication Occur??
During Interphase (S phase) of the Cell Cycle!
Before Mitosis or Meiosis!

23. Definitions/Terms
DNA Replication – production of new DNA from 1 old DNA molecule
Semi-Conservative – Newly made DNA molecules are ½ original DNA and ½ new DNA

24. Step #1 Untwist & Unzip
DNA Helicase (enzyme) “untwists” and “Unzips” the DNA to separate the 2 strands.
Ex. Zipper on your jacket

25. Step #2 New Nucleotides Move In
New nucleotides move in and pair up with their “complement” on the original DNA template strands.
Template Strand
Template Strand

26. Step #3 DNA Polymerase
DNA Polymerase (enzyme) moves in and attaches the new nucleotides to form 2 identical and Semiconservative DNA molecules.

27. End Result 2 Identical & Semiconservative DNA Molecules (each molecules is …½ Original & ½ New)

28. Review Questions
When during the cell cycle does DNA Replication occur?
Interphase (S Phase)
2. What is the purpose of DNA replication?
Copy/duplicate DNA in preparation for mitosis or meiosis
3. What is the FINAL PRODUCT of DNA replication?
2 Identical Semiconservative DNA molecules
4. Put the following “steps” of the DNA replication process in order
New nucleotides attach to complimentary nitrogen bases
Untwists and unzips
DNA Polymerase joins the 2 strands of DNA 2 1 3

30. Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)
Objectives:
Describe differences between DNA and RNA
Describe the Nitrogenous bases found in RNA

31. Warm-Up List: 2 ways it is different from DNA
Take a good look at the RNA molecule to the right…
List:
2 ways it is different from DNA
2 ways it is similar to DNA

32. RNA is different from DNA in 3 major ways:11
RNA is different from DNA in 3 major ways:
RNA has a ribose sugar.
RNA has uracil instead of thymine.
RNA is a single-stranded molecule.

33. COMPARE DNA vs. RNA DNA RNA # strands in molecule Sugar Nitrogen Bases
Location in cell?

34. When is RNA needed in the cell?
Answer =
During Protein Synthesis!!!!!

35. Protein Synthesis What is the purpose? MAKES PROTEINS!!!
What are the steps??
TRANSCRIPTION - DNA code is used to make mRNA in the nucleus
2. TRANSLATION – In the cytoplasm, a ribosome uses RNA to make a protein by putting together amino acids!
Amoeba Sisters Video

36. Let’s make a protein from a gene!!!
Steps: 1. make mRNA from the DNA code 2. use the mRNA code to find the correct amino acids in the protein
DNA  A G C T A C G C T G G A
mRNA 
Protein 