1. Sexually Transmitted Infections and HIV/ AIDS
Chapter 25
Sexually Transmitted Infections and HIV/ AIDS

2. Lesson 1
The Risk of STIs

3. STIs and STDs Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs)
Also known as…
Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs)
Infectious diseases spread from person to person through sexual contact

4. STDs: The Hidden Epidemic
Epidemics
Occurances of diseases in which many people in the same place at the same time are affected
Many people with STDs are asymptomatic – without symptoms
High-Risk Behavior and STDs
Being sexually active with more than one person
Engaging in unprotected sex
Selecting high-risk partners
Using alcohol and other drugs

5. The Consequences of STDs and Preventing STDs Through Abstinence
Some STDs are incurable
Some STDs cause cancer
Some STDs can cause complications that affect the ability to reproduce
Some STDs can be passed from an infected female to her child before, during or after birth
Abstinence
Direct cause and effect
The deliberate decision to avoid harmful behaviors, including sexual activity before marriage and the use of tobacco, alcohol, and other drugs

6. Lesson 2
Common STIs

7. Human Papillomavirus
HPV, is a virus that can cause genital warts or asymptomatic infection
Considered the most common STD in the U.S.
Most types of HPV are asymptomatic
Pap test and other medical examinations to detect changes associated with HPV
Almost all cases of cervical cancer are caused by certain types of HPV

8. Genital Warts
Are pink or reddish warts with cauliflower like tops that appear on the genitals, the vagina or the cervix, one to three months after infection from HPV
Highly contagious
Spread by any form of sexual contact
Complications of HPV and genital warts can result in cervical cancer and cancer of the penis

9. PID Pelvic Inflammatory Disease
Caused by untreated chlamydia or gonorrhea in females
Can lead to reproductive damage by causing obstruction and scarring of the fallopian tubes, resulting in involuntary infertility

10. Chlamydia
A bacterial infection that affects the reproductive organs of both males and females
It is asymptomatic
When symptoms may be present females may have vaginal discharge, burning upon urination, or abdominal pain
Often goes untreated until serious complications occur
Can cause PID and lead to chronic pelvic pain or infertility

11. Genital Herpes An STD caused by the herpes simplex virus
Two types of HSV:
Type 1 usually causes cold sores
Type 2 usually causes genital sores
Medication can relieve the symptoms, but cannot cure herpes infection
It is not true that the virus can only be spread when sore are present
Once infected, the virus remains in the body for life

12. Gonorrhea A bacterial STD that usually affects mucous membranes
50 percent of females have no symptoms
Those who do experience symptoms may have vaginal discharge and pain or burning upon urination
Can be treated with antibiotics
Can be reinfected
If untreated, lead to infertility
Spread to the bloodstream and cause permanent damage to the joints

13. Trichomoniasis
An STD caused by a microscopic protozoan that results in infections of the vagina, urethra, and bladder
Females may have no symptoms
Vaginitis
Inflammation of the vagina characterized by discharge, odor, irritation, and itching

14. Syphilis
An STD that attacks many parts of the body and is caused by a small bacterium called a spirochet
First sign is a painless reddish sore called a chancre
The sore will heal on its own, but if not treated it spreads through the blood to other parts of the body
Eventually the disease can damage internal organs

15. Seeking Treatment Figure 25.2
Other common STDs
Only a health care professional can prescribe treatment
By law it is kept confidential
Social obligation to prevent the spread of infection

16. Lesson 3
HIV and AIDS

17. AIDS and HIV
AIDS
1981 an outbreak of a rare form of skin cancer known as Kaposi’s sarcoma was reported
About a year later the CDC labeled the disease acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)
A disease in which the immune system of the patient is weakened
HIV
1983
A virus that attacks the immune system
Cause of AIDS
In 2000, AIDS was the fifth leading cause of death among adults from 25 to 44

18. Teens at Risk
Teens have one of the fastest growing rates of HIV infection
New AIDS cases are declining however there has been no decline in the number of diagnosed HIV infections among youth from 13 to 24 years old
HIV can be prevented through ABSTINENCE from sexual activity and from injecting drugs

19. HIV and the Human Body HIV attaches to cell surface
Virus core enters cell and goes to nucleus
Virus makes a copy of its genetic material
New virus assembles at cell surface
New virus breaks away from host cell

20. HIV and the Human Body cont.,
Lymphocytes are white blood cells
Help your body fight pathogens
Body has billions of them
Produced in bone marrow and found in blood, lymph nodes, appendix, tonsils and adenoids
HIV invades certain cells of the immune system, including T cells, which help other lymphoocytes identify and destroy pathogens
The virus takes over the cells and cause them to produce new copies
The new viruses infect other cells and the process repeats itself

21. HIV and the Human Body cont 2.,
As the number of viruses increase the number of T cells decrease and the immune system becomes less capable of preventing infection and cancer
Opportunistic infections
Infections that occur in individuals who do not have healthy immune systems
With a weakened immune system the infected individual suffers one illness after another
HIV infection is progressive
It destroys the cells of the immune system over many months or years
Being infected with HIV does not mean the person has AIDS
AIDS is the advanced stage of HIV

22. How HIV Is Transmitted HIV organism lives inside cells and body fluids
It does not survive in air
A person is not at risk of HIV infection by working next to or being in the same classroom as a person who is infected
HIV can be transmitted from an infected person to an uninfected person only in certain ways
Blood, semen, vaginal secretion, and breast milk
Sexual intercourse
Sharing needles
Mother to baby

23. Treatment for HIV and AIDS
Lesson 4
Treatment for HIV and AIDS

24. Stages of HIV Infection
Develops over the course of years
Person is infectious to others IMMEDIATELY after contracting the virus
Symptoms develop about 3 to 6 weeks after becoming infected – fever, rash, headaches, body aches & swollen glands
Symptoms disappear within 1 to 4 weeks & person enters the ASYMPTOMATIC stage
A period of time in which a person with HIV has no symptoms

25. Stages of HIV Infection cont.,
No signs of illness may appear from a period of 6 months to 10 years or more
In the meantime, the virus continues to grow and continues to be transmitted if the person is sexually active
In the re-occurring SYMPTOMATIC stage, the person begins to have symptoms due to a severe drop in immune cells
Finally, the 3rd stage is AIDS where more serious symptoms occur: severely damaged immune system, opportunistic infections, dementia and death

26. How is HIV Transmitted? Through sexual intercourse and/or oral sex
Must be an exchange of bodily fluids
Can also enter a partners bloodstream through tiny cuts in the body that come in contact with the HIV infected blood
There is no proof that HIV has been transmitted through insect bites or kissing
By sharing needles
Injecting drugs with contaminated needles directly into the bloodstream, under skin or into muscle
Through a blood transfusion

27. Your Breast Health

28. Simple Ways to Lower Your Risk, cont.,
Controllable
High fat diet
Exercise
Alcohol
Smoking
Uncontrollable
Growing up on a high fat diet
Family history
Aging
Age at first menstruation
Late menopause
Age at birth of first child/having no children
Gender
Environment

29. Early Detection Saves Lives
Three methods for early detection
Mammography
Clinical Breast Examination
Breast Self Exam (BSE)

30. Mammography Baseline at 35, annually at 40
Most effective screening test for detecting breast cancer early
X-rays of the breast and can detect lumps much smaller than the size of a pea
Every six months

31. Clinical Breast Exam (CSE)
Annually beginning at 18
Trained clinician can help detect changes
Make sure your clinician exams you sitting up and laying down, and examines all of your breast tissue

32. Breast Self Exam (BSE) Begin approximately at the age of 18
Perform once a month at the END of your period so your breasts are less sensitive and your exam will be more comfortable
Lay on a flat, comfortable surface and with fry hands
Stand up in front of a mirror and look for changes in color, size and shape