1. Organization of the Body
Chapter 4
Organization of the Body

2. Identify parts of a cell and the specialized functions of tissues
Identify the body systems
Describe the functions of the body system and how they work
Define the anatomical positions of the body
List the body cavities and the organs
Identify nine body regions

3. Organization of the Human Body
The body is organized from the smallest part to the largest part.
CELL
-simplest structural unit
-basic unit of life
-smallest unit that can live on its own

4. Cell Many cannot be seen with the naked eye
A cell may be an entire organism or it may be one of billions of cells that make up the organism

5. Tissue
- a group of cells with common origin, structure, and function.
- cells within a tissue all work toward a common goal (i.e.: movement, nutrition, etc.)
Organ
- a group of tissues that have a common function.

6. Structural units of the body: Cell:
Body has million of cells that work together to sustain life
consist of a nucleus surrounded by cytoplasm
It is the fundamental unit of all living things (basic building block)
Cells multiply by dividing called mitosis

7. Contd: Several types of cells
Size and shape of cell relates its function
Examples of some cells in the body:
Muscle cells: contract
Nerve: conduct electrical impulses
Epithelial: skin and lining
Fat cell: contain empty spaces to store fat

8. Nucleus A spheroid body within a cell
Consists of a thin nuclear membrane and genes and chromosomes
Responsible for metabolism, growth and reproduction
Control center of the cell

9. Chromosomes Thread like structures in the cell nucleus
Control growth and repair
Control the reproduction of the body
Contain regions of DNA called genes
There are 23 pairs of chromosomes in every cell except for the egg and sperm which contain 23 unpaired chromosomes

10. Cytoplasm
The substance between the cell membrane and the nuclear membrane
Jelly like material that is mostly water
It is exclusive to the nucleus
Carries on the work of the cell

11. Cell membrane
Thin layer of tissue which serves as the wall of the cell
Protects the cell
Selectively allows substances to pass in and out of the cell

12. Tissues: groups of similar cells working together to do a specific job
For example:
Muscle tissue contracts
Epithelial tissue forms linings and covers i.e. skin
Connective tissue do just that: fat, cartilage, bone and blood
Nerve tissues conduct impulses all over the body

13. Tissue Epithelial tissues
The skin and lining surfaces
Forms the lining of the internal organs
It protects, absorbs and excretes

14. Connective tissue The fibrous tissue of the body
Binds together the various parts and organs of the body
Eg: bones , tendons cartilage

15. Muscle tissue Tissue that contracts
Consist of striated (striped) cardiac and smooth muscle
Voluntary is where the movement is under conscious control such as arms and legs
Involuntary is not under conscious control, such as heart and digestive system

16. Nerve Tissue
A collection of nerve fibers that conduct impulses that control and coordinate body activities

17. Organ System
- a group of organs with a special function.
- Digestive System, Nervous System, etc…
Organism
- A group of organ systems that at some point in time is capable of sustaining life.
- All organ systems work together in an organism.

18. Organs: structures composed of several types of tissue
An organ (Latin: organum, "instrument, tool") is a group of tissues that perform a specific function or group of functions.
Usually there is a main tissue and sporadic tissues. The main tissue is the one that is unique for the specific organ.
For example, main tissue in the heart is the myocardium, while sporadic are the nervous, blood, connective etc.

19. A set of body organs that work together for a common purpose
Systems:
A set of body organs that work together for a common purpose

20. systems Integumentary system Musculoskeletal system
Cardiovascular system
Gastrointestinal system
Respiratory system
Genitourinary system
Endocrine system’
Nervous system

21. Body Cavity: space within the body that contains internal organs
The human body consists of the following cavities:
dorsal body cavity
cranial cavity, enclosed by the Skull and contains the brain, eyes, and ears.
spinal canal, enclosed by the spine and contains the spinal cord.
ventral body cavity
thoracic cavity, enclosed by the ribcage and contains the lungs and heart.
abdominopelvic cavity
abdominal cavity, enclosed by the ribcage and pelvis and contains the kidneys, ureters, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas./pelvic cavity, enclosed by the pelvis and contains bladder, anus and reproductive system.

22. Body cavities and Planes
The body has two main large cavities
Ventral = front of body includes thoracic, abdominal, and pelvic cavity
Dorsal = back of body which includes Cranial and Spinal cavity

23. Anatomical Planes
Fixed lines of reference along which the body is often divided or sectioned to facilitate viewing of its structures
Allow one to obtain a three-dimensional perspective by studying the body from different views

24. Sagittal
A plane that divides the body into right and left portions
Midsagittal
A plane that vertically divides the body or some part of it, into equal right and left portions

25. Coronal
Also called frontal; a plane that divides the body into anterior and posterior sections (front and back)
Transverse
A plane that divides the body into superior and inferior sections (top and bottom)

26. Anatomical Position Standing erect, with palms and feet facing forward
Is the standard reference point in which all positions, movements, and planes are described

27. Positions and Directions
Terms of position and direction describe the position of one body part relative to another, usually along one of the three major body planes

28. Positions and Directions
Superior
Refers to a structure being closer to the head or higher than another structure in the body
Inferior
Refers to a structure being closer to the feet or lower than another structure in the body

29. Positions and Directions
Anterior
Refers to a structure being more in front than another structure in the body
Posterior
Refers to a structure being more in back than another structure in the body

30. Positions and Directions
Medial
Refers to a structure being closer to the midline or median plane of the body than another structure of the body
Lateral
Refers to a structure being farther away from the midline than another structure of the body

31. Positions and Directions
Distal
Refers to a structure being further away from the root of the limb than another structure in the limb
Proximal
Refers to a structure being closer to the root of the limb than another structure in that limb
Root
Root