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Botany Review
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Kingdom Plantae General Characteristics Contain Chlorophyll a Multicellular Made up of Eukaryotic Cells Photosynthetic Autotrophs Cell Walls made of Cellulose (polysaccharide) Produce sugars as glucose, transport sugars as sucrose and store sugars as starch (a polysaccharide).
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Review of Photosynthesis Photosynthesis is the process by which plants use the energy of sunlight to combine carbon dioxide and water to form glucose and oxygen. Light Energy + 6CO 2 + 6H 2 0 C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 Reactants Products
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Factors that Affect Photosynthesis Amount of available Sunlight Amount of available Water (rainfall) Amount of Carbon Dioxide Optimal Temperatures
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Adaptations plants made to survive on land Developed Cuticles – waxy, protective outer coverings which prevent water loss. Developed vascular tissues for transportation of water and sugars. Developed spores/seeds for reproduction. Developed tissues to strengthen stems to overcome gravity.
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The Classification of Plants Bryophytes – are described as plants that lack xylem and phloem (vascular tissue) Tracheophytes – are plants that have xylem and phloem (vascular tissue) Xylem is a type of vascular tissue that transports water upward from the roots to the leaves. Phloem is a type of vascular tissue that transports sugars (nutrients) from the leaves downward
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The Tracheophytes are divide into five groups…. The largest of the five groups are the: Non-Seed Bearing Plants And Seed Bearing Plants
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The Seed Bearing Plants are divided into two groups: Gymnosperms (naked-seed Plants) and Angiosperms (encased-seed plants)
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The Angiosperms are the Flowering Plants. Angiosperms are divided into two groups: Monocotyledons (Monocots) and Dicotyledons (Dicots)
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4 Differences between Monocots and Dicots Monocots Dicots Leaves – parallel veins netted veins Petals - multiples of 3 multiples of 4 or 5 Seeds - one cotyledon two cotyledons Vascular tissues in a monocot stem are arranged randomly and look like “monkey faces”. Vascular tissues in a dicot stem are arranged in a ring surrounding the pith.
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Monocots Dicots venation is parallel venation is netted Venation of Leaves
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Number of Petals Monocots Dicots multiples of 3 multiples of 4 or 5
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New Information!
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Seasonal Adaptations Evergreens – plants that remain green year round…. Pine trees Deciduous – plants that lose all their leaves all at one time…. Apple trees, grapes
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Short and Long Day Plants Short-day Plants – Flower when the days are shorter than 12 hours… like onions, garlic, chrysanthemums Long-day Plants - Flower when the days are longer than 12 hours… like tomatoes and beans.
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Growth Cycles (from seed to seed) Annuals – complete their entire life cycle in one growing season. Example: mums Biennials – complete their entire life cycle in two growing seasons. Example: Broccoli Perennials – continue to grow year after year…. Example: Apple trees can live for 80 years.
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Stem Types Herbaceous – Green, soft…. will wilt if water loss is extreme…. Sour grass, celery Woody – Brown, rigid…. Will remain erect even after they are dead…. Trees, roses
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Tropisms are the responses plants have to stimuli. A Negative (-) response is “away” from the stimuli A Positive (+) response is “toward” to stimuli Phototropism – a plant’s response to light Gravitropism – a plant’s response to gravity Hydrotropism – a plant’s response to water Chemotropism – a plant’s response to chemicals Thigmotropism – a plant’s response to touch
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Phototropism a plant’s response to light
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Gravitropism - (also called Geotropism) a plant’s response to gravity A Corn Root responds positively to gravity
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Thigmotropism a plant’s response to touch…the tendrils of a bean plant wraps around a garden post.
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Plant Hormones Cytokinins – stimulate cell division, and promote the germination of dormant seeds Auxins – are involved in plant-cell elongation, apical dominance, & rooting Gibberillins – promotes shoot growth, “bolting”, and seed germination
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