1. Carrier Networks (Chapter 4) Long Haul/Core Network Metro Network Access Network Technologies Convergence Signaling Digital Hierarchy/SONET

2. Public Network Categories Core Long Haul – hundreds of miles between sites Very high capacity Metro Networks City – wide Connect to Core Access/Local Networks Last Mile/Local Loop Connects Buildings and Homes

3. Core: Long Haul High Bandwidth 100G DWDM Some TDM – mostly converted to IP Technologies SONET Ring GigE MPLS

4. Core: Long Haul Network Convergence TDM to IP convergence Why Core first? Fewer nodes/switches Higher bandwidth, better efficiency End customers convert to IP at different times Metro Networks Access/Local Networks Customer’s staying TDM Investment in equipment Security Slow to adop

5. Network Convergence Hybrid networks still during transition Gateways/Softswitches/Class 5 TDM switches Optical Transport Network (OTN) Legacy SONET/TDM traffic + New GigE/IP traffic Encapsulation of legacy SONET traffic in OTN frames Synchronous (evenly spaced) – SONET, TDM (T1, T3) Asynchronous (irregular intervals/dynamic) – GigE All done in one box

6. Metro Networks Middle bandwidth 2.5G, 10G Redundancy Connect COs together Aggregate Local traffic onto Core

7. Access/Local Networks Local loop Still mostly copper Trending to fiber Expensive Bandwidth bottleneck POTS DSL T1/T3 Ethernet Cable Operators Passive Optical Network (PON) Similar to SLC (1 pr. Fiber/ 32 sites)

8. Signaling Control communications between network nodes Signaling System 7 (SS7) SIP Call setup/disconnect; Features; Billing; Roaming; Access/security In-Band Out of Band

9. Digital Hierarchy SONET Electrical DS0 – 64KB DS1 – 1.544MB (24 DS0s) DS3 – 45MB (28 DS1s) Optical (SONET) OC3 – 155MB (3 DS3s) OC12 – 622MB (12 DS3s) OC48 – 2.5GB (48 DS3s) OC192 – 10GB (192 DS3s) OC768 – 40GB (768 DS3s)