4.  Rules  Group leader  Laptop  Color pens, tapes, papers, big size post it notes  Recording  Notes taking  Questioning  Profile  Survey  Consultation  Thinking Map  SG notes  TeLi Time  References

5. 1.Get one sketch book (at least 14 sheets) 2.Before class, prepare your Thinking Map 3.You may add during class discussion 4.Credits will be given

6. Top 5I am STUCK !!!GOT it!! 1 2 3 4 5

7. 1.Appoint a TeLi person during every class session (class leader) 2.Present new terms for the day 3.Briefly define the terms

8. Assessment Laboratory reports5-610% Mini project110% Presentations/Assignments/Project2-320% Test 1110% Test 2110% Final examination-40% Total100%

9. 1.Form into 4 in a group. 2.A group will be selected to present lab work of the day 3.Report may be submitted via these modes (will be announced later) 1.End class presentation 2.Blog / websites 3.Journal format

10. 1.Form into 4-5 members in a group 2.Task will be posted in MyGuru2/Class 3.Presentations may be in form of… 1.Life presentation 2.Video presentation 3.Blog/Websites 4. LeT Kits 5.Performing Arts 6.Mapping

11. What is Biochemistry ?

12. 1 minute discussion with your pair

15.  A scientific discipline to explain life at the molecular level  uses the tools and terminology of chemistry to describe the various feature of living things  offer insights into the treatment of diseases e.g. cancer, diabetes etc.  Offer answers to : e.g. what are we made of? how do we work? why we react in a certain way?

16. 1.Biomolecule 2.Water chemistry 3.Protein : Structure & metabolism 4.Enzyme : Properties & Kinetics 5.Carbohydrate : structure & metabolism 6.Lipid : Classes & Metabolism 7.Aerobic metabolism

17. At the end of this topic, you should be able to : 1. Name the common functional groups 2. Name the linkages in biological molecules 3. Draw the general molecular structure of biomolecules 4. Explain the process of oxidation and reduction

18. What do you know…. the process of oxidation and reduction

19. 1 minute discussion with your pair

22. Biomolecules are compound of carbon and hydrogen (CH) Four major classes of biomolecules & building blocks: What are the functions of biomolecules: 1.Synthesize larger molecules 2.Carry out special biological functions e.g ATP 3.Take part in complex reaction pathways 1. Carbohydrate  sugars 2. Protein  amino acids 3. Lipids  fatty acids 4. Nucleic acids  nucleotides http://www.bbc.co.uk/education/asguru/biology/02biologicalmolecules/02c arbohydrates/15monosaccharides/index.shtml Biomolecules

23. Chemical properties of molecule are depend on by specific arrangement of atoms = functional groups Most biomolecules contain more than 1 fn gp. e.g. sugar molecules  Several hydroxyl gp  Aldehyde gp

24. Sugar and carbohydrates Contain alcohol groups & aldehydes/ketones Simple/monomer : monosaccharide  glucose, fructose, ribose, galactose Polymer: polysaccharide  starch & cellulose; glycogen Complex :  nucleotide : contain ribose / deoxyribose  glycoprotein : protein contain carbohydrate  glycolipid : lipid contain carbohydrate.

25. or D-glucose an aldose an aldohexose or D-fructose a ketose a ketohexose * *

26. Monosaccharides are connected by GLYCOSIDIC BOND via the process of dehydration C4 C1 Glycosidic bond

27. Amino acids, peptides and protein A.a. contains : 1.amino group 2.carboxylic acid group 3.side chain gp/R group

28. Amino acids are linked together by peptide bonds Polypeptides : peptides ( up to 50 a.a) protein (longer)

30. Fatty acids and lipids Contain : 1. one carboxylic acid 2. with long HC chain Are monocarboxylic acids Usually contain even number of C atoms water insoluble E storage Alkyl gp Contains C & H atoms Carboxyl gp RCH 2 C O OH

31. Monounsaturated f.a. = contain one double bond Polyunsaturated f.a. = contain two or more double bond Saturated f.a = only single bond (saturated with hydrogens!) one carboxylic acid with even C number & no branching

32. Fatty acids are combined with one glycerol to form a fat molecule  triglycerol // triacylglycerol //TAG Through a process :esterification/dehydration/condensation

33. Nucleotides and nucleic acids Contain : 1.5C sugar 2.A nitrogenous base 3.Phosphate gp. Base consist of purine or pyrimidine.

34. e.g. ATP e.g. DNA/ RNA Complementary base pairing DNA : A-T ; C-G RNA: A-U ; C-G;

36.  Assembling small molecules into polymeric macromolecules needs energy  Breaking polymeric molecules into smaller molecule produces energy

37. BIOCHEMICAL PROCESSES All life processes consist of chemical reaction catalyzed by enzymes What are the primary functions of metabolism? 1. To acquire and use energy 2. To synthesize molecules needed for cellular structure & function 3. For growth & development 4. To remove waste & other toxins

38. Biochemical reactions involve enzyme catalysis Most common reaction types: 1.Nucleophilic substitution 2.Elimination 3.Addition 4.Isomerization 5.Oxidation-reduction / redox reaction

39. Nucleophilic substitution Def: one atom or gp substituted for another Sulfur nucleophile attacks C=O Nucleophilic Substitution-acyl

40. Addition: two molecules combine to give one. One molecule usually multiple bonded. Addition occurs at C=C hydration

41. Elimination - a molecule loses atoms usually in the form of a small molecule like water. Water is lost to form phosphoenolpyruvate PGA  PEP

42. Isomerization: molecule rearranges atoms 3-phosphoglycerate to 2-phosphoglycerate

43. Hydrolysis: water cleaves (splits) a covalent bond and inserts itself. Hydrolysis of a fat

44. In biochemistry redox reactions are usually recognized by the following changes: Oxidation occurs when a molecule loses two hydrogens and/or gains an oxygen. (-2H & +O @ -2H @ +O) Reduction occurs when a molecule gains two hydrogens and/or loses an oxygen. ( +2H & -O @ +2H @ -O) Oxidation-reduction Open up your text book: find out what is oxidation and reduction.

45. Oxidation Lactate is oxidized. NAD + is oxidizing agent. Reduction CH 3 C -OH II O CH 3 CH 2 -OH Acetic acid Ethyl alcohol Reduction occur as a molecule loses oxygen and /or gain hydrogen

46. End of lecture Please check the learning outcomes