1. Non-metalic Elements

2. Periodic Table
bulk elements
for some species
trace elements

3. Halogenes
Fluorine (F)
Source:
1 mg F-/L seawater, CaF2, Na3AlF6 in soil
Absorption: passive diffusion
plasma: 0,15-0,20 mg/L
tissues: 0,3-0,5 mg/kg
bones: accumulation (!)
increases resistance to dental caries

4. Chlorine (Cl)
Cl- (predominant anion)
- osmoregulation mmol/L
- granulocytes

5. Iodine (I)
Uptake:
Hypothyreosis: goiter
- Hyperthyreosis

6. Thyroid hormones

7. NONMETALLIC ELEMENTS
Boron (B)
Borates in plants:
- normal growth
- infection resistance
accumulated in algae, in sponges
Arsenic (As)
Arsenic (III) oxide: - poison
carcinogenic
Organic form of arsenic compounds are less toxic

8. Sulfur (S)
Summary of sulfur functions:
Good attacking and leaving group as R–S(-) (catalysis)
Polymerizes to –S–S–
As a base RS(-), S2- forms complexes with transition metals
Thioethers, cyclic thioether formation

9. Selenium (Se)
Oxidation states: -2, -1, 0, +2, +4, +6
Similar to S!
Toxic (accumulation in plants!)
Protective function: Pb2+, Hg2+, Cd2+
Essential microelement:
Glutation peroxydase E–Se–H

10. The catalytic cycle of GSH peroxidase
E – Se-
E – SeOH
E – Se – S – G
ROH
G – SH
H2O
H+, G – S – S – G
ROOH, H+
The catalytic cycle of GSH peroxidase

11. Deficiency symptoms:
muscular degeneration
Keshan disease: weakness of heart muscle
Glutathion peroxidase:

13. Silicon (Si)
Terrestrial distribution:
The most abundant element (next to oxygen)
In vivo distribution:
Data on its physiology are LIMITED
Trace element in: - most higher animals
- man
Major element in: - many unicellular org.
- in plants (grasses)

14. … – Gly – Ser – Ser – …
SILICOSIS: (lungs) possible cross-linking of proteins

15. Cross-linking between collagen chains in lung tissue

16. Hypothetical model of silification

17. Nitrogen Occurrence: ~ 80% atmosphere NaNO3 salpeter
Living: 1,4% (human body)

18. Biological Nitrogen Comes from N2
1011 kg of N2 fixed annually

19. 1. Nitrogenase: dinitrogenase 12 - 14 mol ATP reductase
2. Ferredoxin (electron carrier!)
Mo - Fe - protein+2 Fe - protein NITROGENASE

21. Bioinorganic importance of oxygen:
Terrestrial distribution:
3rd of the most frequently occurring elements: (H, He, O2)
168O (99 %) 188O (izotóp)
Bioinorganic importance of oxygen:
ORGANOGENIC element

22. O2+ oxygen ion: no biological importance
O oxygen atom: reactive (decomposition O3)
O2- superoxide anion: UV, enzyme reactions
(xanthinoxidase, NADPH-oxidase)
O22- peroxide anion: dissociation of H2O2
OH hydroxy free radical: decomposition of H2O2
HO2 hydroperoxy free radical

23. Reduction of O2 to H2O e°(v)

24. Protection from superoxide and peroxide
1. Superoxide dismutase systems
2. Catalase (heme)
3. Peroxidase systems (heme) A

25. H2O2 + O2- superoxide radical O2 + OH- + ·OH hydroxyl radical
O2 + free electron
O2- superoxide radical
H2O
Physiological state
superoxide
dismutase
H2O2
GSH
glutathion peroxidase
H2O
catalase
GSSG
H2O
H2O + O2
Pathological state
Haber-Weiss’ reaction
H2O2 + O2- superoxide radical
O2 + OH- + ·OH hydroxyl radical
Fenton’s reaction
H2O2 + Fe2+
Fe3+ + OH- + ·OH hydroxyl radical