1. Ch. 7 Sec. 1
The New Immigrants

2. New Immigrants vs. Old Immigrants
Catholic, Greek Orthodox, Jewish
Southern and Eastern European; Asian; Middle Eastern
Old Immigrants
Protestant
Northwestern European (Germany, Britain)
Economic opportunities
Escape religious and political persecution

3. Coming to America
Railroad and steamship companies lured immigrants to the US under false pretenses so they could make money
Promised jobs that were not available
Charged low fares to promote travel
Immigrants traveled in steerage
Cramped, no privacy, little ventilation
Ex: Jack Dawson in Titanic

4. Arriving in America
Immigrants would be taken to immigration stations when they arrived in America
Asia  Angel Island in California
Europe  Ellis Island in New York City
Check in:
Physical & mental health exams
Background checks
Job skills
Relatives

5. Life in the USA
Most immigrants could only find low-paying, unskilled jobs
Lived in close-knit communities, called ghettos, in the slums of the cities
Tenement housing
Churches, synagogues, and temples provided community centers
Provided sense of belonging, economic assistance, day care, play areas, classes, clubs, and training courses
Benevolent societies also formed
Provided aid in cases of sickness, unemployment, and death
Offered educational courses, health care and job assistance, loans

6. Immigrants were often pressured to adopt American culture  Assimilation
Younger generation was more willing to do so b/c it made it easier to find work

7. How Did native-born Americans feel about Immigrants?
Viewed as a threat
Took jobs and lowered wages for everyone
Blamed for crime, poverty, violence, and growing radical political ideas

8. Speaking Out Against Immigration
Chinese were treated horribly
Attacked, killed, homes destroyed
Could not own property or work certain jobs
Chinese Exclusion Act
Denied citizenship to Chinese-born immigrants and prohibited immigration of Chinese
Immigration Restriction League
Required a literacy test be given to all immigrants
Vetoed by Pres. Grover Cleveland

9. Ch. 7 Sec. 2
The Urban World

10. Changes to the Cities
Cities began expanding in size because of new technology
Size of cities doubled by 1900 with 40% of people living in cities
WHY DID THIS HAPPEN????
Skyscrapers
Elevators
Mass transit (trains, subways, trolleys)

11. Effects of Mass Transportation
Size of cities expanded
3 sq. mi. to 20 sq. mi.
People moved to suburbs
Upper and middle class

12. Life of the Upper Class Nouveau riche = “newly rich” city dwellers
Entrepreneurs
Practiced conspicuous consumption
Spent money freely so everyone would know they were rich
Houses looked like castles
Some donated money to social causes

13. Upper Class Women
Women had strict social behavior and etiquette to follow
Taught how to behave in social settings, marriage, and home life
Glorified the role of women as homemakers

14. Middle-Class Life Professionals Educated in their field
Doctors, lawyers, teachers, etc…

15. Middle-Class Women Few women in professional jobs
Saleswomen, secretaries, clerical workers
Paid less than men
Most married women stayed at home
Book clubs, social clubs, reform movements

16. Life of the Lower Class Immigrants and African Americans
Lived in tenements within walking distance of factories
Streets filled with garbage and sewage
Pollution from factories
Illness and death were common

17. Reform Settlement houses were created to help the poor
Offered educational opportunities, skills training, and cultural events

18. Jane Addams Founded the Hull House in Chicago Goals:
Provide education and cultural opportunities
Improve living conditions
Provide jobs
She also:
Promoted women’s suffrage (right to vote)
Awarded Nobel Peace Prize

19. Janie Porter Barrett Founded African American settlement house
Locust Street Social Settlement in Hampton, VA
Modeled after Hull House
Helped women

20. Social Gospel Movement
Developed by Protestant ministers
Applied Christian principles to solve social problems
fought to improve working conditions
Caroline Bartlett established a free kindergarten, public gym, domestic and industrial classes, meal programs

21. Daily Life in the Cities
Chapter 7 Sec. 3
Daily Life in the Cities

22. Education
To aid urban workers reformers expanded education opportunities
Compulsory education laws passed requiring kids to go to school
Kids in school increased 7 mil. to 15 mil.

23. Education Reformers
John Dewey created a “Laboratory School” at U. of Chicago focusing on:
Cooperative learning
Art
History
Science

24. Education Reformers cont...
William Torrey Harris & Elmwood Cubberley believed schools should teach:
Proper behavior
Civic loyalty
American cultural values
wanted to push discipline and order so immigrants would know how to behave

25. Other School Facts Schools remained segregated
Poorly equipped
Little government funding
Created more opportunities for women
College enrollment went from 50,000 to 350,000
Most upper & middle class

26. Journalism
newspaper printing went from 500 to 2,600/day & cheap price
Competitive, so they developed new journalistic practices
Comic strips, advice columns, sports, women’s sections
Yellow Journalism

27. Literature Increased literacy rates sparked leisure reading
Adventure, city life, Christian principles
“What would Jesus Do?” In His Steps by Charles Sheldon (1896)

28. Parks City planners developed parks for leisure time
Frederick Law Olmstead designed Central Park
City Beautiful Movement stressed importance of including parks in city design

29. Baseball Invented by Abner Doubleday in 1839
1869 Aaron Champion organized 1st pro team – Cincinnati Red Stockings
National League 1876
William Hulbert created governing body, rules, contracts
1893 1st World Series Pirates vs. Boston Pilgrims
Considered “the national game of the US”

30. Baseball cont…
African Americans excluded from major league for 60 years
Discrimination towards African Americans led to the creation of own league
1889 Moses “Fleet” Walker- 1st and only African American major league player until Jackie Robinson in 1947

31. Fleet Walker & Jackie Robinson

32. Football Late 1800s in upper class New England schools
Walter Camp helped create rules
NFL formed in 1920

33. 1892 Football team

34. Basketball James Naismith created this sport for his students in 1891
Men & Women’s leagues created

35. Theater Shakespeare Vaudeville (“light play”) Performed by Edwin Booth
Attracted working class because they could relate to characters
Vaudeville (“light play”)
Variety shows

36. Ragtime 1890s Created by African American musicians
Scott Joplin – “King of Ragtime”