1. Topic 17 – www.buschistory.net Urban America and The Progressive Erawww.buschistory.net 1901-1921

2. What is Progressivism? A broad movement to ameliorate societal problems Included broad Legislation and local social efforts Includes 4 Constitutional Amendments: 16-19 Presidents Roosevelt, Taft and Wilson 1901-1921

3. Progressivism in General Found in all classes, regions, and classes Not a unified movement, but a collection of reforms Themes: – Anger towards rise of big business – Emphasis on the lack of individualism and social Darwinism – Belief that citizens need to intervene to improve society Inspiration: – Evangelical Protestantism – Natural and social scientists Believed they had a mission to frame laws that restricted minorities

4. Promoting Reform Muckraking – Jacob Riis’s How the Other Half Lives – S. S. McClure’s McClure’s – Lincoln Steffens’s The Shame of the Cities – Upton Sinclair’s The Jungle Social Sciences (sociology, psychology, anthropology, economics) – Lester Frank Ward (sociologist against social Darwinism) – John Dewey (philosopher that critiqued approach to education) – John R. Commons (organized a state industrial commission) – Richard Ely (wanted government to intervene and solve social problems) – Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr. (wanted laws to take changing social conditions into account)

5. Social Control Prohibition – WCTU was a large temperance group for women – Core strength was Protestant, rural Americans – 18 th Amendment (1919) Prostitution Standardized education

6. Immigrants, Cities, and Unions Immigrants were majority in the industrial labor force – Ghettos – Company towns Garment industry – The Uprising of the 20,000 – ILGWU – Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire (1911) Ludlow Massacre (1914) American Federation of Labor (founded 1886) Industrial Workers of the World (1905)

7. Women and African Americans Settlement house movement – Jane Adams and Hull House (1889) – Florence Kelley General Federation of Women’s Clubs Anti-prostitution Birth control debate (Margaret Sanger) Muller v. Oregon limits maximum hours for working women 4/5 of 10 million African Americans lived in the South Racial Darwinism Booker T. Washington and Tuskegee Institute W. E. B. Du Bois and NAACP

8. A Disagreement on African American Reforms Booker T. Washington – (4/5 1856 – 11/14, 1915 Washington offered black acquiescence in disenfranchisement and social segregation if whites would back the idea of black progress in education, agriculture, and economics. Blacks would learn trades that are useful to whites W.E.B. DuBois – 2/23, 1868 – 8/27, 1963 Disagreed with Washington’s acceptance of lesser status for Blacks Fought for complete equality in education, employment, and voting

9. Teddy Roosevelt 1901- 1909 Foreign Policy – Roosevelt Corollary – Big Stick – Panama Canal – Russo-Japanese War – Great White Fleet – http://www.pbs.org/tpt/sl avery-by-another- name/themes/progressivis m/ http://www.pbs.org/tpt/sl avery-by-another- name/themes/progressivis m/ Domestic Reforms – Pure Food and Drug Act – Meat Inspection Act – Elkins Act – Hepburn Act – Trust Buster – Northern Securities – Square Deal – Conservation

10. Conservation and Preservation Newlands Reclamation Act (1902) – Established Reclamation Bureau to turn arid land into farms National Conservation Committee – Studied minerals, water, forest, and soil resources US Forest Service (1905) – Gifford Pinchot was the head – Fought with John Muir over a dam in Hetch Hetchy Valley – Later went head to head with Richard Ballinger about coal mines in Alaska National Park Service (1916)

11. After Roosevelt… Roosevelt chose William Howard Taft to be his successor Taft won the 1908 election Unhappy with Taft’s presidency, Roosevelt tried to run for presidency again in 1912 Four candidates: – Woodrow Wilson (Democrat – Theodore Roosevelt (Progressive/Bull Moose) – William Taft (Republican) – Eugene Debs (Socialist) Wilson won

12. William Howard Taft 1909-1913 Payne-Aldrich Tariff 90 Anti-Trust suits US Steel US Chamber of Commerce Corporate Income Tax Dollar Diplomacy

13. Woodrow Wilson 1913-1921 Sixteenth Amendment – Income Tax -1913 Seventeenth Amendment - Election of Senators by popular vote - 1913 Eighteenth Amendment – Prohibition – 1919 Twentieth Amendment – Suffrage - 1919 The Underwood-Simmons Act (1913) – Reduced taxes on materials such as wool, sugar, agricultural machinery, shoes, iron and steel The Federal Reserve Act (1913) – Established 12 Federal Reserve Acts Clayton Antitrust Act (1914) – Replaced Sherman’s Antitrust Act – Exempted labor unions Federal Trade Commission (FTC) (1914) – Government controls corporations like the ICC controls railroads