2. Anatomy: study of structure (morphology) of body parts and how they are organized

3. Physiology: study of how the body functions

4. 1. Maintaining boundaries

5. 2. Movement at any level

6. 3. Responsiveness: ability to detect and respond to stimuli

7. 4. Digestion: break down food

8. 5. Metabolism: breaking down and building up complex substance/ producing ATP

9. 6. Excretion: removal of waste

10. 7. Reproduction: either formation of new cells or production of new organism

11. 8. Growth: increase both in size and complexity

12. 1.Nutrients: provide energy 2.Oxygen: release energy from food 3.Water: for reactions and transportation 4.Heat: product of metabolic reactions 5.Pressure: force

13. 1.Chemical level Some atoms essential (C, H, O, N, Na, Ca, K)

14. 2. Cellular level: basic structural and functional units of an organism

15. 3. Tissue level: groups of similar specialized cells and surroundings that usually arise from a similar ancestor and perform certain special functions

16. 4. Organ level: structures of definite form that are composed of two or more different tissues and have specific functions

17. 5. System level: associations of organs that have a common function

18. 6. Organism level: collection of structurally and functionally integrated systems

19. THE Right Brain vs Left Brain test... do you see the dancer turning clockwise or anti-clockwise? If clockwise, then you use more of the right side of the brain and vice versa. Most of us would see the dancer turning anti-clockwise though you can try to focus and change the direction; see if you can do it. LEFT BRAIN FUNCTIONS uses logic detail oriented facts rule words and language present and past math and science can comprehend knowing acknowledges order/pattern perception knows object name reality based forms strategies practical safe RIGHT BRAIN FUNCTIONS uses feeling "big picture" oriented imagination rules symbols and images present and future philosophy & religion can "get it" (i.e. meaning) believes appreciates spatial perception knows object function fantasy based presents possibilities impetuous risk taking

20. Definition: a condition in which the body’s internal environment remains within certain physiological limits

21. Outside body cells- must be maintained precisely for cells to survive- two types 1.Filling the narrow spaces between cells of tissues- called interstitial, intercellular, or tissue fluid 2.In blood vessels termed plasma, in lymphatic vessels termed lymph

22. Fluid inside cells

23. Since ECF is constantly in motion throughout the body, it is often called the body’s internal environment An organism is said to be in homeostasis when its internal environment – Contains the optimum concentration of gases, nutrients, ions, and water – Has optimal temperature – Has optimal volume

24. Maintenance of homeostasis results in health; physiological imbalance may result in disease or death

25. Stress is any external or internal stimulus that creates an imbalance in the internal environment Homeostatic mechanisms attempt to counteract effects of stress to bring condition back to normal

26. Regulated by nervous and endocrine systems- together or independently – Nervous system detects body changes and sends nerve impulses to counteract stress- rapid changes – Endocrine system secretes hormones- works more slowly

27. Feedback system is a cycle of events in which information about the status of a condition is continually monitored and fed back (reported) to a central control region

28. Three basic components 1.Receptor: monitors changes in the controlled condition and sends information (input) to the control center 2.Control center: determines the point at which a control-led condition should be maintained 3.Effector: receive information (output) from control center and produces a response (effect)

29. If response reverses original stimulus= negative feedback – Maintain conditions that require frequent monitoring and adjustment

30. If response enhances original stimulus= positive feedback – Regulate conditions that do not occur often and do not require continual fine-tuning

31. Sensitive nerve cells in arteries The brain Impulses (input) Impulses (output) Heart or arterioles Heart rate decreases Arterioles dilate

32. Stretch-sensitive nerve cells in the cervix of the uterus hypothalmus Uterus stretched Impulses (input) Impulses (output) Oxytocin released (hormone) Contractions more forceful uterus Cycle stops with birth of baby (no more stretching)

33. Definition: any change from a state of health, characterized by symptoms and signs – Local disease- effects limited area or one part of body – Systemic disease- effects either entire body or several parts

34. Symptoms are subjective changes in body functions that are not apparent to an observer e.g. headache or nausea Signs are objective changes that a clinician can observe and measure e.g. fever or rash

35. Follow the movement of the rotating pink dot with your eyes and the dots will remain only one color, pink. But if you stare at the black + in the center, the moving dot will turn green.

39. Regional Terms

44. Pleural- lungs – Parietal pleura (line pleural cavity) – Visceral pleura (line actual lungs) Pericardial- heart – Parietal pericardial (line pericardial cavity) – Visceral pericardial (line heart itself) Peritoneal- abdominopelvic – Parietal peritoneal (line cavity) – Visceral peritoneal (line all organs) All secrete fluids (friction)