1. Towards finding the single- particle content of two- dimensional adjoint QCD Dr. Uwe Trittmann Otterbein University* OSAPS Spring 2015 @ Kent State University March 27, 2015 *Thanks to OSU for hospitality!

2. Adjoint QCD 2 compared to the fundamental QCD 2 (‘t Hooft model) QCD 2A is 2D theory of quarks in the adjoint representation coupled by non-dynamical gluon fields (quarks are “matrices” not “vectors”) A richer spectrum: multiple Regge trajectories? Adjoint QCD is part of a universality of 2D QCD-like theories (Kutasov-Schwimmer) String theory predicts a Hagedorn transition The adjoint theory becomes supersymmetric if the quark mass has a specific value

3. The Problem: all known approaches are riddled with multi-particle states We want “the” bound-states, i.e. single-particle states (SPS) Get also tensor products of these SPS with relative momentum Two types: exact and approximate multi-particle states (MPS) Exact MPS can be projected out (bosonization) or thrown out (masses predictable) NPB 587(2000) PRD 66 (2002) Group of exact MPS: F 1 x F 1

4. Universality: Same Calculation, different parameters = different theory DLCQ calculation shown, but typical (see Katz et al JHEP 1405 (2014) 143) SPS interact with MPS! (kink in trajectory) Trouble: approx. MPS look like weakly bound SPS Also: Single-Trace States ≠ SPS in adjoint theory Idea: Understand MPS to filter out SPS Do a series of approximations to the theory Develop a criterion to distinguish approximate MPS from SPS Trouble! Group of approx MPS  ‘t Hooft Model (prev slide) Adjoint QCD 2

5. The Hamiltonian of Adjoint QCD It has several parts. We can systematically omit some and see how well we are doing H full = H m + H ren + H PC,s + H PC,r + H PV + H finiteN (mass term, renormalization, parton #conserving (singular/regular), parton# violation, finite N) Here: First use H asymptotic = H ren + H PC,s then add H PC,r Later do perturbation theory with H PV as disturbance

6. Asymptotic Theory: H asympt =H ren +H PC,s Since parton number violation is disallowed, the asymptotic theory splits into decoupled sectors of fixed parton number Wavefunctions are determined by ‘t Hooft- like integral equations (x i are momentum fractions) r =3 r =4

7. Old Solution to Asymptotic Theory Use ‘t Hooft’s approximation Need to fulfill “boundary conditions” (BCs) –Pseudo-cyclicity: –Hermiticity (if quarks are massive): Tricky, but some (bosonic) solutions had been found earlier, with masses: M 2 = 2g 2 N π 2 (n 1 +n 2 +..+n k ) ; n 1 >n 2 >..>n k 2Z

8. New: Algebraic Solution of the Asymptotic Theory New take on BCs: more natural to realize vanishing of WFs at x i =0 by New solution involves sinusoidal ansatz with correct amount of excitation numbers: n i ; i = 1…r-1 ϕ r (n 1,n 2,…,n r-1 ) = -

9. “Adjoint t’Hooft eqns” are tricky to solve due to cyclic permutations of momentum fractions x i being added with alternating signs But: Simply symmetrize ansatz under C : (x 1, x 2, x 3,…x r )  (x 2, x 3, …x r,x 1 ) Therefore: ϕ r,sym (n i ) ϕ r (n i ) is an eigenfunction of the asymptotic Hamiltonian with eigenvalue New: Algebraic Solution of the Asymptotic Theory (cont’d) ϕ 3,sym (x 1, x 2, x 3 ) = ϕ 3 (x 1,x 2,x 3 ) + ϕ 3 (x 2,x 3,x 1 ) + ϕ 3 (x 3,x 1,x 2 ) = ϕ 3 (n 1,n 2 ) + ϕ 3 (-n 2,n 1 -n 2 ) + ϕ 3 (n 2 -n 1,-n 1 ) ϕ 4,sym (x 1, x 2, x 3, x 4 ) = ϕ 4 (x 1,x 2,x 3,x 4 ) – ϕ 4 (x 2,x 3,x 4,x 1 ) + ϕ 4 (x 3,x 4,x 1,x 2 ) – ϕ 4 (x 4,x 1,x 2,x 3 )

10. It’s as simple as that – and it works! All follows from the two- parton (“single-particle”) solution Can clean things up with additional symmetrization: T : b ij  b ji Numerical and algebraic solutions are almost identical for r<4 Caveat: in higher parton sectors additional symmetrization is required T+ T- Massless ground state WF is constant! (Not shown)

11. Generalize: add non-singular operators Adding regular operators gives similar eigenfunctions but shifts masses dramatically Dashed lines: EFs with just singular terms (from previous slide) Here: shift by constant WF of previously massless state

12. Generalize more: allow parton number violation, phase in “slowly’  Spectrum as function of parton- number violation parameter No multi-particle states if <1  Without parton violation, no MPS  No understanding of how to filter out SPS

13. Results: Average parton-number as function of parton-number violation parameter Hope: SPS are purer in parton-number than MPS ( ≈ integer) Expectation value of parton number in the eigenstates fluctuates a lot No SPS-MPS criterion emerges 

14. Results: Convergence of Average Parton- Number with discretization parameter 1/K Or does it?! Hints of a convergence of with K However: too costly!

15. A look at the bosonized theory Describe (massless) theory in a more appropriate basis  currents (two quarks J ≈ ψ ψ)  bosonization Why more appropriate? –Hamiltonian is a multi-quark operator but a two-current operator Kutasov-Schwimmer: all SPS come from only 2 sectors: |J..J> and |J…J ψ> Simple combinatorics corroborated by DLCQ state-counting yields reason for the fact ( GHK PRD 57 6420 ) that bosonic SPS do not form MPS: MPS have the form |J..J ψJJ ψ … J ψ> ≈|J..J ψ> |JJ ψ> | …> |J ψ>

16. Conclusions Asymptotic theory is solved algebraically Better understanding of role of non-singular operators & parton-number violation –No PNV  no MPS So far no efficient criterion to distinguish SPS from approximate MPS Evidence for double Regge trajectory of SPS Bosonic SPS do not form MPS Next: Use algebraic solution of asymptotic theory to exponentially improve numerical solution

17. Thanks for your attention! Questions?

18. Not used

19. Mass of MPS in DLCQ mass at resolution n mass at resolution K-n mass at resolution K

20. Results: Bosonic Bosonized EFs (Zoom) Different basis, but still sinusoidal eigenfunctions Shown are 2,3,4 parton sectors

21. Light-Cone Quantization Use light-cone coordinates Hamiltonian approach: ψ(t) = H ψ(0) Theory vacuum is physical vacuum - modulo zero modes (D. Robertson)

22. Results: Fermionic Bosonized EFs (necessarily All-Parton-Sectors calc.) Basis (Fock) states have different number of current (J) partons Combinations of these current states form the SP or MP eigenstates

23. Remarks on Finite N theory Claim of Antonuccio/Pinsky: the spectrum of the theory does not change with number of colors Debunked: probably a convergence problem

24. Conclusions Close, but no cigar (yet) Several interesting, but fairly minor results Fun project, also for undergrads with some understanding of QM and/or programming

25. Lingo The theory is written down in a Fock basis The basis states will have several fields in them, representing the fundamental particles (quarks, gluons) Call those particles in a state “partons” The solution of the theory is a combination of Fock states, i.e. will have a “fuzzy” parton number Nevertheless, it will represent a single bound state, or a single- or multi-particle state

26. What’s the problem? Both numerical and asymptotic solutions are approximations Some solutions are multi-particle solutions, or at least have masses that are twice (thrice..) the mass of the lowest bound-state These are trivial solutions that should not be counted

27. So what’s the problem? Throw them out! These (exact) MPS can indeed be thrown out by hand, or by bosonizing the theory The real problem is the existence of approximate MPS: almost the same mass as the exact MPS, but not quite Q: Will they become exact MPS in the continuum limit? Q: Are they slightly bound states? (Rydberg like)

28. Lingo II The theory has states with any number of partons, in particular, states with odd and even numbers  fermions & bosons The theory has another (T)-symmetry (flipping the matrix indices) under which the states are odd or even: T |state> = ± |state> One can form a current from two quarks, and formulate the theory with currents. This is called bosonization. How about an odd fermionic state in the bosonized theory?

29. Results: Asymptotic EFs without non-singular operators The basis consists of states with four (five, six) fermions Eigenfunctions are combinations of sinusoidal functions, e.g. ϕ 4 (x 1, x 2, x 3, x 4 ) Note that the x i are momentum fractions

30. General (All-Parton-Sector) Solution The wavefunctions are combinations of states with a different number of fermions in them Necessary since Hamiltonian does not preserve parton number (E=mc 2 ) Still looks sinusoidal