1. Do Now: What domain does the kingdom Protista fall into?

2. Protists Extremely diverse group of organisms
Any Eukaryotic organism that is NOT a plant, fungi or animal
Some are Autotrophs (Algae)
Some are Heterotrophs (Protozoans feed on bacteria or other protists)
Some are both Heterotrophs and Autotrophs (depending on the available of light and nutrients)
Most are Unicellular
Simplest of the Eukaryotic cells
They are the FIRST Eukaryotic cells
Often very elaborate (analogous to an entire plant, animal, or fungi)
Classification of Protists is a work in progross, this is a very diverse group!

3. Classification of Protists
The two main ways we classify Protists…
How they obtain energy (plant-like, animal-like, decomposers)
How they move (cilia, flagella, pseudopods)
Genetic studies (DNA) show that the way the organisms are currently grouped may change!

4. Animal-like Protists All Heterotrophs
Not animals because they are unicellular (all animals are multi-cellular)
4 Phyla
Zooflagellates
Sarcodines
Ciliates
Sporozoans

5. Zooflagellates Phylum: Zoomastigina
Animal-like protists that swim using a flagella
Flagella are long and whip-like and allow a cell to move.
Most reproduce asexually: Mitosis and Cytokinesis
Some sexual reproduction: Meiosis and Gametes.
Many live in lakes and streams
Absorb food through their cell membranes
free-living, symbiotic, commensal, or parasitic in humans and other animals and in certain plants
Some form colonies of cells
Leishmania donovani
(parasite in vertebrates)
Trichomona vaginalis
(anaerobic parasite)

6. Sarcodines
Move via pseudopods, which are temporary cytoplasmic extensions. This is called amoeboid movement.
Foraminiferans: secrete silicate shells, and live in warm marine waters. Pseudopods extend through small pores in the silica test. Pseudopoda are much skinnier than amoebas.
Amoeba
Forams

7. Ciliates Use cilia for feeding and movement
Cilia: short, hair-like structures.
Paramecium is an example
Macronucleus: controls the daily activities of the cell. Working copy of genetic material.
Micronucleus: used in reproduction (usually have more than one) and has reserve copy of genetic material (DNA).
Oral Grove: It is sort of like a mouth. The cilia sweep food into the oral groove, then it moves into the gullet.
Gullet: the gullet is an indentation in the cell where food molecules collect and are then moved into food vacuoles. (Lysosomes have the enzymes to actually digest the food molecules)
Food vacuole: stores food molecules
Anal pore: waste materials are released into the environment. Food vacuole fuses with anal pore.
Contractile Vacuole: stores water and pumps water out of the cell once its full.
Pellicle: a thin layer made of protein supporting the cell membrane.

8. Sporozoans Do not move on their own Are all parasitic
Reproduction: Sporoziote
Attach to host cell
Penetrate host cell
Live within host cell as a parasite
Reproduction can be complex and involve more than one host.
Plasmodium falciparum

9. Plant-Like Protists (commonly called Algae)
Four Phyla
Euglenophytes
Chrysophytes
Diatoms
Dinoflagellates
Unicellular Algae
Red, Green, and Brown Algae (Seaweeds)
Contain Chlorophyll (green pigment)
Perform Photosynthesis
Used to be considered plants

10. Seaweeds
Green algae share characteristics with plants like having cellulose in their cell walls and chlorophyll a and b for photosynthesis. Can be unicellular, colonial (Volvox), or multicellular (Ulva lactuca or sea lettuce)
Brown algae are all multicellular, include the giant kelp forests of the coast of CA, contain chlorophyll a and c pigments, plus an accessory pigment fucoxanthin. Usually found in cool, shallow coastal waters.
Red algae contain chlorophyll a and reddish pigment called phycobilins (good at absorbing blue light). They can live at great depths compared to other seaweeds, because they are efficient at capturing light. Range from arctic waters to the tropics. Most are multicellular.

11. Euglenophytes Named after the genus Euglena Common in lakes and ponds
Plant-like, but no cell wall (they have a pellicle)
Share characteristics with zooflagellates
They have a reddish pigment near the gullet called an eyespot
They can use their two flagella to move towards light
Photosynthesize (make their own food using light.
Asexual reproduction: Binary Fission

12. Chrysophytes Pectin in the cell wall (not cellulose like plants)
Chloroplasts have a golden color
Store food as oil instead of starch
Unicellular
Solitary or thread-like colonies
Motile cells have flagella
Used to be grouped with multi-cellular brown algae
Diverse group of organisms
Mostly found in fresh water

13. Diatoms Single celled photosynthetic algae Common in plankton
Two hard coverings of silica that fit together like the lid and bottom of a shoe box
The silica SiO2 is almost identical to opal
The can reproduce asexually by mitosis or sexually by meiosis (gametes)

14. Dinoflagellates Unicellular aglae Some are photosynthetic
Some are parasitic on fish or other protists
Some Bioluminescence (produce their own light, same way fireflies make light)
Red Tide!, they produce a neurotoxin that affect fish and can accumulate in shellfish (making the shellfish toxic to people). The algae population explodes, called a bloom.

15. Fungus-Like Protists Slime Molds Water Molds
NOT fungus because they lack Chitin in their cell walls.

16. Slime Molds Slime molds are fungus-like
They do not have chitin, like true fungi
They feed on dead or decaying matter
They have a complex reproductive cycle
The amoebiod cell can move
Two haploid cells will combine to form a zygote (diploid cell)
Plasmodium is a multi-nucleic mass used for reproduction
The fruiting body (sporangium) contains spores
The spore germinates and a haploid amoebiod cell emerges
The cycle will then repeat

17. Water Molds There are more than 500 species in the Oomycota
Filamentous
Eat by absorbing food through the water or surrounding soil
They were once considered fungi, but their cell walls have cellulose and glycan and not chitin like true fungi

18. Classification
Protists used to be included in Animal, Plant or Fungi Kingdoms.
They were kicked out and grouped as protists because they were lacking something indicative or important to that kingdom.