1. Chapter 1 Matter and Change

2. 1.1 - Chemistry is a Physical Science
Chemistry – the study of the composition, structure, and properties of matter and the energy changes that accompany these changes
branches of chemistry
organic
inorganic
physical(p-chem)
analytical
biochemistry
theoretical

3. chemical – substance w/ definite composition
examples – H2O, C12H22O11, Au
everything other than NRG or a force
chemical Rx(reaction) – a change in the composition of a substance
creates new substances with different properties
video

4. 1.2 Matter and Its Properties
matter – takes up space, has mass
anything that possess inertia
mass – measure of amount of matter
measure of inertia
classification of matter
by phase
solid, liquid, gas, …
by composition
compound, mixture, element,…

5. states /phases of matter
solid – definite volume and definite shape
definite volume – small distance between particles
packed tightly together
definite shape – particles organized in a fixed position
pattern or organized crystal

6. liquid – definite volume, no definite shape
definite volume – small distance between particles
packed tightly together
distance is very similar between solid particles and liquid particles
myth – particles of liquid move apart when a solid melts
no definite shape – particles in no order or pattern
particles randomly arranged
no crystal stucture

7. gas – no definite volume, no definite shape
no definite volume – particles large distance from one another
distance between gas particles is ~ 1000 times further than solids or liquids
what is in the space between gas particles???
no definite shape – particles in no order or pattern
particles randomly arranged, no crystal stucture

9. plasma – high NRG phase of matter
composed of positive and negative particles
not attracted together
composed of pieces of atoms
most abundant phase of matter in the universe

10. Bose-Einstein condensate – phase of matter that occurs at temperatures near absolute zero(-273oC or -460oF)
colder than a solid
atoms all join together/condense to a single “super” atom

11. Classification of Matter by composition
Homogeneous
-same thru-out
Heterogeneous
-different thru-out
Pure substance
-one type of matter only
- oxygen, water
Solution
-one phase, 2 or more substances
-air, pop, stainless steel
Mixture
-2 or more subst.
-easily separated thru physical means
-no formula
- retain same properties
-may consist of diff. phases
Compound
-2 or more subst.
-chem Rx to separate
-specific formula
- different properties
-water, carbon dioxide, sulfuric acid
Element
-simplest
-one type of atom
-lead, oxygen

12. physical property chemical property
properties that can be observed/measured without changing the substance
density
luster/color
melting/boiling point
chemical property
properties that describe how a substance reacts with other substances in a chemical change
highly reactive
combines with oxygen
burns in air

13. physical change – change in appearance or phase of matter
no change in composition
same substance, looks different
dissolving sugar in water
melting ice
chemical change – change in the identity or composition of the substance
chemical Rx needs to occur
burning paper
baking soda and vinegar(volcano Rx)
reactant (s)– starting substance(s) = paper, baking soda, vinegar
product(s)- substance(s) created = carbon dioxide, water vapor

14. evidence of a chemical Rx
change in NRG(absorbed or released)
substance gets hotter or colder

15. evolution of a gas
bubbling
change in odor

16. formation of light
burning match
glow stick

17. formation of electricity
batteries/dry cells

18. formation of a precipitate
precipitate = insoluble solid that falls out of solution
soap scum
hard water deposits/crust around faucet

19. color change
chemical indicators – litmus
not always reliable

20. Section 1.3 – Elements intro to periodic table
vertical columns – groups/families
similar properties
horizontal rows – period/series
properties change throughout the row
bottom two rows
placed there to save space
fit in order on periodic table

21. types of elements metals excellent conductor electricity ductile
tenacious/high tensile strength
malleable
good conductor heat
shiny/luster
most solids/high melting and boiling points

24. nonmetals nonconductor of electricity poor conductor of heat brittle
worst conducting metal 100,000 better than best conducting nonmetal
poor conductor of heat
low melting/boiling points
brittle
dull appearance

27. metalloids properties of both metal and nonmetal
less malleable, not as brittle
semiconductors
computer chips, LED lights

28. noble gases
chemically inert
gases at room temp