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Introduction to Veterinary Medicine
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Health? Disease?
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Health: physical, physiological and mental well-being of an individual. Disease: – Dis= away; ease= comfort. – Any deviation from the normal.
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What is normal ? Normal temperature range for the domestic animals? Normal respiration rate of domestic animals ? Normal pulse rate/heart rate of animals ? Normal haemoglobin count in domestic animals? ?
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General medicine Medicine: the science of treating diseases- the healing art. Veterinary medicine: diagnosis, treatment, prevention and general study of animals’ diseases.
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How is the profession different from that of a medical profession? Animal patients cannot express its feelings. Wrong statement about the animal’s illness Do not cooperate while examination. Different structures and functions of body systems in different species
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Branches of VM Preventive veterinary medicine – measures to maintain the health when the disease is imminent. – Deals with measures to control and prevent animal diseases. Clinical veterinary medicine – bed-side medicine, internal medicine, curative medicine – making a correct diagnosis, remedial and curative measures against diseases of animals
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General clinical conditions Conditions which are not confined to any particular diseases or organ/system. Their manifestation could cut across all the organs/systems. – Toxaemia – Fever – Anaemia – Oedema – Dehydration
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Toxaemia Toxins in the blood – wide spread activation of host defense mechanism – skin, WBCs, mucous membranes, mucous, secretions, saliva, anotibodies, lymphocytess, neutrophil, etc… – Diseases due to toxins from plants or insects, or ingested poison- NOT toxaemia
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Etiology
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Depression, anorexia, and muscular weakness Tachycardia (increased heart rate) with weak and rapid pulse Fever initially but later temperature drops to normal or subnormal- cool skin and extremities Congested mucosa with an increased capillary refill time Muscular weakness leading to recumbency
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Treatment Removal of foci of infection Fluid and electrolyte therapy Antimicrobials NSAIDs
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Recovery? Correction of the peripheral vasoconstriction Restoration of an acceptable pulse quality Return of urine output Return of central venous pressure and arterial blood pressure Restoration of cardiac output.
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Fever Fever? Denotes the elevation of body temperature regardless of environmental temperature A general reaction of the body to the action of harmful agents or pyrogens.
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Etiology Microbes- bacteria, viruses Foreign bodies Chemicals, and Immune reaction
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Infections Release exogenous pyrogens Release leukocytes Release endogenous pyrogens Stumulate anterior hypothalamus Fever
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Clinical signs Dullness- lowering of head, drooping of ear and disinclination to move. Inappetance, increased thirst, constipation Erection of hair, dry muzzle, congested mucous membrane Coloured urine, shivering, rapid respiration
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Management of fever High calorie diet. Antipyretics- prostaglandin inhibitors such as acetyle salicylic acid. – Other antipyretics? Antibiotics? Phenothiazine groups of drugs to sedate thermoregulatory centre Fluid therapy Glucocorticoids
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Anaemia Anaemia?
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Anaemia Anaemia?
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Types and etiology
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Pathogenesis
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Clinical signs ??
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Clinical signs Paleness of mucous membrane Muscular weakness and lethargy. Inappetance Tachycardia Laboured breathing in later stages Shock.
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Treatment Correction of primary cause. Haematinics Inj.Vitamin B complex with liver extract. Whole blood transfusion or plasma extenders like
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Oedema Excessive accumulation of fluid in the tissue space involving a disturbance in the mechanism of fluid exchange in tissues.
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Types of oedema
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Other types of oedema Nutritional oedema Mammary oedema Allergic oedema Obstructive oedema Vitamin A deficiency oedema
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Clinical signs and diagnosis?
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Treatment Correction of primary cause Diuretics - Frusemide inj. @ 0. 4-4.44 mg/kg BW BID Protein rich diet Salt free diet Rest Amino acids Corticosteriods
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Dehydration Body water=water intake + metabolic water = water loss through urine, sweat, faeces and respiration Water intake dehydration Water excretion dehydration
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Causes for dehydration Reduced water intake Deprivation of water Decrease thirst Inability to drink Increased water excretion Acute gastro-enteritis Polyuria due to nephritis. Sweating Skin injury and burns Purgative/cathartics, diuretic, corticosteroid therapies
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Clinical signs Sunken eyeball Dry mucous membrane Loss of skin elasticity Lethargy Increased capillary refill time Twitching of muscles
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Diagnosis From clinical signs Laboratory examination involves looking at the Blood picture. Increase in Packed Cell Volume (PVC) indicates dehydration.
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Dehydration (%) Sunken eyesRetention of skin fold (sec) H/crit value (%) Fluid required (ml/kg b.wt) 4-8 (Mild )Not sunken40-4515-25 6-8 (Moderate) Barely visible 2-45030-50 8-10 (severe)Pronounced6-105550-80 > 10 (Shock)More pronounced 20-456080-100
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Treatment Rehydration Therapy: - Inj. Dextrose, Dextrose Normal saline (DNS) - 10-15 ml/ kg b.wt - slow i/v. - Oral administration of fluid. Inj. Corticosteriods- i/v or i/m. Treatment of primary cause.
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