1. Paul Geladi feb 06 Is Hyperspectral Imaging an Analytical Instrument?

2. Paul Geladi feb 06 Paul Geladi Head of Research NIRCE Chairperson NIR Nord Unit of Biomass Technology and Chemistry Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Umeå Technobothnia Vasa paul.geladi @ btk.slu.se paul.geladi @ uwasa.fi

3. Paul Geladi feb 06

4. Content Short introduction of the topic Space imaging Instrumentation Examples, history and philososphical thoughts

5. Paul Geladi feb 06 Multivariate Image K << I ≈ J I J K I J K Hyperspectral Image K≈I≈J What is a hyperspectral image?

6. Paul Geladi feb 06 256 320 128 512 614 224 MatrixNIR AVIRIS First defined in airborne imaging

7. Paul Geladi feb 06 Na Mg AlSi

8. Paul Geladi feb 06 CrFe Ni

9. Paul Geladi feb 06 Cu Zn Van Espen P., Janssens G., Vanhoolst W. & Geladi P., Imaging and image processing in analytical chemistry, Analusis, 20, 81-90, 1992.

10. Paul Geladi feb 06 Airborne hyperspectral imaging http://www.microimages.com/getstart/hyprspec.htm Randall Smith 2001

11. Paul Geladi feb 06

15. Some airborne systems SensorCountryNr bands Range  m AVIRISUSA2240.4 - 2.5 AISAFI2860.45 - 0.9 CASICA2880.43 - 0.87 DAISUSA2110.4 - 12 HYMAPAU1280.4 - 2.45 PROBE1USA1280.4 - 2.45

16. Paul Geladi feb 06 Orig Veg Water Soil

17. Paul Geladi feb 06 Conclusions Airborne Not too much chemometrics Calibration / standardization / correction problems Comparison of airborne / ground spectra

18. Paul Geladi feb 06 0 nm 3000 nm

19. Paul Geladi feb 06 Lab versus airplane We have our own “sun” It is controllable Only within limits Problems still exist How to quantify / correct problems?

20. Paul Geladi feb 06 Content Short introduction of the topic Space imaging Instrumentation Examples, history and philososphical thoughts

21. Paul Geladi feb 06 AVIRIS

22. Paul Geladi feb 06 Rotating filter wheel Alternative: illumination diode array

23. Paul Geladi feb 06 PbS camera Fiber ring Radiation source Interference filters

24. Paul Geladi feb 06 680 nm 740 nm800 nm 840 nm 1010 nm1110 nm1200 nm Geladi P, Sethson B, Nyström J, Lillhonga T, Lestander T & Burger J, Chemometrics in spectroscopy: Part 2. Examples, Spectrochimica Acta Part B: Atomic Spectroscopy, 59, 1347-1357, 2004.

25. Paul Geladi feb 06 Prism-Grating -Prism Pushbroom

26. Paul Geladi feb 06 Interferometer Fixed mirror Moving mirror Semitransparent mirror (50%) Detector (interferogram) a b Sample (scan by moving) Radiation source

27. Paul Geladi feb 06 Most FT-IR FT-Raman

28. Paul Geladi feb 06 InGaAs array LCTF Objective Sample(s) Lamp(s) ≈5 cm To file 12 bit A/D convertor

29. Paul Geladi feb 06 InGaAs array LCTF Objective Sample(s) Lamp(s) ≈5 cm To file 12 bit A/D convertor 256x320 0.2x0.2 mm 2 pixel max 128 900-1700 nm

30. Paul Geladi feb 06

31. Content Short introduction of the topic Examples, history and philososphical thoughts Standardization Calibration Sampling problems Comparison

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33. Edmund catalog

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35. wavelength nm A/D counts Specular reflection 99% 2% 75% 50% Raw A/D convertor data

36. Paul Geladi feb 06 wavelength nm Reflectance % NIST calibration Interpolation

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41. 2% 25% 50% 75% 99%

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43. R= 1, 0.8, 0.6, 0.4 R= 0.2, 0.1, 0.05, 0

44. Paul Geladi feb 06 Content Short introduction of the topic Examples, history and philososphical thoughts Standardization Calibration Sampling problems Comparison

45. Paul Geladi feb 06 Metal frame 2% refl. 50% refl. 75% refl. 99% refl. Cheddar Blue Edam Emmenthal

46. Paul Geladi feb 06 Reference values (y) Pure standards Known mixtures Wet chemistry

47. Paul Geladi feb 06 Reference values Impossible to measure wet chemistry in every pixel All standards are heterogeneous at high magnification Not always possible with synthetic standards Geladi P., Burger J. & Lestander T., Hyperspectral imaging: calibration problems and solutions, Chemometrics and Intelligent Laboratory Systems, 72, 209-217, 2004.

48. Paul Geladi feb 06 Content Short introduction of the topic Space imaging Instrumentation Examples, history and philososphical thoughts Standardization Calibration Sampling problems Comparison

49. Paul Geladi feb 06 One pixel 50/50 mixture Sampling problem

50. Paul Geladi feb 06 One pixel 50/50 mixture

51. Paul Geladi feb 06

52. Content Short introduction of the topic Examples, history and philososphical thoughts Standardization Calibration Sampling problems Comparison Examples (removed, paper in review)

53. Paul Geladi feb 06 Comparison with a spectrometer Integration over a volume / area Only 1 detector High resolution 2 16 Wide range possible Lower noise Information in pixels / depth? Many detectors Low resolution 2 12 Limited range Noisier

54. Paul Geladi feb 06 Comparison Linearity better controlled No populations Quick Linear? Missing pixels Populations! Slow

55. Paul Geladi feb 06 Conclusions Airborne/space are ahead Many principles Instrument standardization needed No material is homogeneous at the nanolevel Camera ≠ spectrometer, but we get close

56. Paul Geladi feb 06 Acknowledgements Torbjörn Lestander, SLU, Umeå Jim Burger, SLU, Umeå EASIM European Association for Spectral Imaging started in Umeå 14 February 2006

57. Paul Geladi feb 06