1. VoIP Packets In the Air and Over the Wire J. Scott Haugdahl CTO www.wildpackets.com

2. VoIP Packet Analysis Invaluable for granular VoIP analysis o Packet variance analysis (jitter), check for dropped packets at selected points in the path, late packet arrivals, out of sequence packets, examine RTCP reports, derive MOS scores, etc. VoIP signaling analysis o Can involve multiple protocols and IP addresses o Filtering can be tricky, capture at end-user VoIP voice stream analysis o RTP streams are two-way and independent o Filter at end-points by IP, then selectively analyze each direction

3. Quality of Experience (QoE) Check for consistent packet delivery and verify QoS policies such as 802.11e as well as prioritization of packets sourced from layer 3 devices For wireless, analyze impact of hand-off between access points Compare derived MOS scores for overall voice quality Playback captured VoIP RTP voice streams o Analysis close to listener is best o Listening to independent (i.e. one-way) streams is best o Ability to vary the jitter buffer during playback assists in determining the optimal jitter buffer size

4. Filtering Down to a Stream From this… To this

5. Real-time Transport Control (RTCP) Contains valuable information sent from receiver to sender. Not all devices support it, but should! Lost packet stats Latest jitter – NOT in milliseconds, must be converted using codec info

6. ...................... Jitter Jitter is the variance in packet delivery intervals to the listener Jitter buffer adds additional delay to voice reaching the ear piece in case other packets need to catch up Packets are buffered and delayed at the Receiver The “jitter” buffer releases a G.711 packet every 20 ms A G.711 packet sent every 20 ms Packets delayed more than the buffer delay (100 ms as an example) are dropped Packet jitter and drops    .......

7. End-to-end Voice Quality Analysis HQ user IP Remote user IP … note the decrease in quality at the other end Replay the VoIP call at different jitter buffer settings The call goes through the network and…

8. Special Considerations for VoIP over Wireless LANs Traditional protocols can be bursty but VoIP requires predictability o VoIP works best with a nice steady delivery of packets o Limited bandwidth + far more error prone than wired = unpredictability Security of utmost importance as WLAN “has no boundaries” o Unlike LAN, WLAN signaling is totally exposed o Secure authentication and encryption is a must o Encryption can impact latency which impacts VoIP Roaming users may experience handoff delays o Can lead to annoying clicks, delays, or dropped calls

9. Special Wireless Considerations (continued) There will be many frames received with CRC errors o Retries are via the 802.11 management protocol o Retries may or may not be at the same data rate o Network utilization, packets per second statistics, etc. can be deceiving DOS attacks worse than on wired LANS o Much easier to disrupt both VoIP signaling and data o Even with encryption and firewalls, DOS attacks are still easy by “occupying the air” at 2.4 GHz (b/g) or 5 Ghz (a) Protocols are more complicated, it’s not just the voice o Signaling, gatekeepers, call managers, and advanced features require the use of wired services

10. “Hidden” Wireless Errors are Costly Lowering the data rate on a retry may get the data through but… o It’s very inefficient Retries at same speed and then lowered are even worse Sender can bounce up and down We need detailed operational WLAN analysis to see this and determine the impact and to help optimize our physical environment, AP and client settings, etc. Frame at 11 MbpsSame Frame at 5.5 Mbps Over 3x bandwidth consumed to send one frame No 802.11 Ack

11. WLAN Fault Analysis is Essential Diagnose pre- and post-deployment problems using expert events such as o Excessive wireless retransmissions o Recovery and data rate changes during RTP sessions o Excessive jitter o VoIP protocol signaling errors o Late packet arrival analysis at end-points Use an analyzer either side of an access point to perform call and quality analysis for converged networks o Full seven layer analysis including encrypted packets on the wireless using phone WEP keys; 802.11 analysis always available regardless

12. Simultaneous LAN/WLAN Analysis

13. VoIP over WLAN Steam Analysis Good thing we have that jitter buffer! G.711 every 20 ms is good 2.9 ms recovery – not bad

14. A VoIP over WLAN Problem Cause: Excessive environmental interference on channel 11.

15. Another VoIP over WLAN Problem Cause: Competition with data protocols

16. Maintaining a Quality VoIP Experience The dynamic nature of networks and usage patterns requires vigilant 24x7 monitoring o Remote probes/engines/sensors are critical to wireless fault analysis Placement is not in the data center! Probes at deployed access points may not detect rogue access points Consoles allow multi-location WLAN analysis o A quality expert system can help identify weaknesses in performance, DOS attacks, optimize security and performance, etc. o Portable analyzers are good for pinpointing problem spots Pay close attention to factors that affect VoIP o Latency, dropped packets, jitter, signaling problems, excessive wireless retransmissions, late packet arrival, etc. o Utilize a tool that shows relationships between SSIDS, access points, stations, and channels to manage, troubleshoot, and optimize for VoIP For wireless, be realistic about the number of users per access point Implement QoS end-to-end but do not give VoIP absolute priority

17. J. Scott Haugdahl CTO, WildPackets, Inc. scott@wildpackets.com www.wildpackets.com