1. Getting Started Copyright © 2007 Allyn & Bacon Mayer’s Personality: A Systems Approach Part 2: Parts of PersonalityChapter 4: Motivation and Emotion Motivation and Emotion This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law: any public performance or display, including transmission of any image over a network; preparation of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole or in part, of any image; any rental, lease, or lending of the program.

2. Getting Started Copyright © 2007 Allyn & Bacon Mayer’s Personality: A Systems Approach Part 2: Parts of PersonalityChapter 4: Motivation and Emotion Main Topics What are motives and how can they be measured? How are motives expressed? What are emotions and why are they important What are emotional traits and how are they expressed? What are happy people like?

3. Getting Started Copyright © 2007 Allyn & Bacon Mayer’s Personality: A Systems Approach Part 2: Parts of PersonalityChapter 4: Motivation and Emotion What Are Motives, Instincts, Needs? Instincts – Innate, preprogrammed, biological urge, satisfied by a simple action –Freud believed all human motives could be described roughly as falling categories of Sex Aggression –Most other theorists of the time also were instinct theorists Motives – Basic biologically-based needs of the organism to behave in a particular way. Henry Murray Developed a long list of 20 or so. –Inanimate objects n Acquisition, n Order –Ambition n Achievement, n Recognition –Superiority: n Inviolacy, n Defendance –Sado-Masochism: n Aggression, n Abasement –Affection: n Affliation, n Rejection

4. What Are Motives and How Can They Be Measured? © Copyright 2006 Allyn & Bacon Mayer’s Personality: A Systems Approach Part 2: Parts of PersonalityChapter 4: Motivation and Emotion Projective Measures of Motives Projective Measures – The presence of an ambiguous stimulus to which an individual must respond. As a person constructs a story to the stimulus, portions of his or her style of thinking – as well a motives – are expressed and can be measured.

5. What Are Motives and How Can They Be Measured? © Copyright 2006 Allyn & Bacon Mayer’s Personality: A Systems Approach Part 2: Parts of PersonalityChapter 4: Motivation and Emotion Projective Measures of Motives Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) Procedure: Participant is asked to tell a story about a picture: –How did it begin? –What is happening now? –How will it end?

6. What Are Motives and How Can They Be Measured? © Copyright 2006 Allyn & Bacon Mayer’s Personality: A Systems Approach Part 2: Parts of PersonalityChapter 4: Motivation and Emotion Projective Testing: The TAT Tell a story… What happened to bring this about? What is going on now? What will happen next?

7. What Are Motives and How Can They Be Measured? © Copyright 2006 Allyn & Bacon Mayer’s Personality: A Systems Approach Part 2: Parts of PersonalityChapter 4: Motivation and Emotion Projective Testing: The TAT

8. What Are Motives and How Can They Be Measured? © Copyright 2006 Allyn & Bacon Mayer’s Personality: A Systems Approach Part 2: Parts of PersonalityChapter 4: Motivation and Emotion (Informally) Score Your Own TAT! N. Achievement Meeting standards of excellence Unique attainments Commitment to goals N. Power Controlling others Attempts to heighten their influence Protection of others N. Affiliation Maintaining positive relationships with others Repairing relationships

9. What Are Motives and How Can They Be Measured? © Copyright 2006 Allyn & Bacon Mayer’s Personality: A Systems Approach Part 2: Parts of PersonalityChapter 4: Motivation and Emotion Self-Report: How Honest Are People? Are you ambitious? Do you seek excellence in your work? Do you prefer to do nothing? Are you motivated by revenge? Are you interested in having sexual relations whenever you can?

10. What Are Motives and How Can They Be Measured? © Copyright 2006 Allyn & Bacon Mayer’s Personality: A Systems Approach Part 2: Parts of PersonalityChapter 4: Motivation and Emotion Self-Report: Factor Findings Cattell’s factor studies: *Fear avoidance *Sex *Assertiveness *Narcissism *Sadism *Achieving

11. What Are Motives and How Can They Be Measured? © Copyright 2006 Allyn & Bacon Mayer’s Personality: A Systems Approach Part 2: Parts of PersonalityChapter 4: Motivation and Emotion Forced-Choice Scale Design (Edwards) Forced choice, with item selection matched for social desirability: Edwards Personal Preference Inventory (Murray’s Needs) Model Item: A. Do you prefer to be lazy sometimes, and just do nothing? B. Would you describe yourself as seeking revenge against those who injure you ?

12. What Are Motives and How Can They Be Measured? © Copyright 2006 Allyn & Bacon Mayer’s Personality: A Systems Approach Part 2: Parts of PersonalityChapter 4: Motivation and Emotion Motivation: What Does It Influence? N for AchievementN for PowerN for Affiliation Prefer tasks of moderate difficulty Direct behavior of others: executives, psychologists, teachers, journalists, clergy Spend more time with others; write more letters Get higher grades only in courses relevant to goals Express extreme opinions on matters to get visibility; obtain desired possessions Sympathetic and accommodating More involved in occupations and upwardly mobile Build alliances; but not necessarily well-liked If intimacy, more popular, better adjusted

13. What Are Emotions and Why Are They Important? © Copyright 2006 Allyn & Bacon Mayer’s Personality: A Systems Approach Part 2: Parts of PersonalityChapter 4: Motivation and Emotion From Motives to Emotion There can be direct connections: e.g., anger often accompanies aggression Happiness and joining others Emotion can amplify motives: e.g., happiness can amplify altruism. (Silvan Tomkins)

14. What Are Emotions and Why Are They Important? © Copyright 2006 Allyn & Bacon Mayer’s Personality: A Systems Approach Part 2: Parts of PersonalityChapter 4: Motivation and Emotion From Motives to Emotion Robert Plutchik’s Emotion-Motive Connections EmotionMotiveFunctionTrait FearEscapingProtectionTimid AngerAttackingDestruction Quarrelsome JoyMatingReproductionSociable

15. What Are Emotions and Why Are They Important? © Copyright 2006 Allyn & Bacon Mayer’s Personality: A Systems Approach Part 2: Parts of PersonalityChapter 4: Motivation and Emotion Emotions as Evolved Signal System Darwin & the evolution of emotions Saw commonalities in facial and other emotional expressions across species Harbor Seals and Chimpanzees mouth feeding

16. What Are Emotions and Why Are They Important? © Copyright 2006 Allyn & Bacon Mayer’s Personality: A Systems Approach Part 2: Parts of PersonalityChapter 4: Motivation and Emotion Emotions as Evolved Signal System Darwin & the evolution of emotions Saw commonalities in facial and other emotional expressions across species Anger in the cat and dog

17. What Are Emotions and Why Are They Important? © Copyright 2006 Allyn & Bacon Mayer’s Personality: A Systems Approach Part 2: Parts of PersonalityChapter 4: Motivation and Emotion Emotions as Evolved Signal System The brain is designed to connect basic emotions with basic facial expressions

18. What Are Emotions and Why Are They Important? © Copyright 2006 Allyn & Bacon Mayer’s Personality: A Systems Approach Part 2: Parts of PersonalityChapter 4: Motivation and Emotion Universality of Facial Expressions Percent Agreement as to Facial Expression in Developed Nations JapanBrazilChileU.S. Happiness87979097 Fear71777888 Surprise87828891 Anger63827669 Disgust82868582 Sadness74829073

19. What Are Emotions and Why Are They Important? © Copyright 2006 Allyn & Bacon Mayer’s Personality: A Systems Approach Part 2: Parts of PersonalityChapter 4: Motivation and Emotion Universality of Facial Expressions Emerging, pre-literate societies Tell a story: “She is sitting in a house with no axe, or bow. A pig is standing in the door looking at her and won’t move…” Agreement equally high as in Western nations

20. What Are Emotional Traits and How… Expressed? © Copyright 2006 Allyn & Bacon Mayer’s Personality: A Systems Approach Part 2: Parts of PersonalityChapter 4: Motivation and Emotion Measuring Emotional States Self report is king! Psychophysiology secondary Mood and emotion are often used synonymously for emotional experience

21. What Are Emotional Traits and How… Expressed? © Copyright 2006 Allyn & Bacon Mayer’s Personality: A Systems Approach Part 2: Parts of PersonalityChapter 4: Motivation and Emotion Background on Measurement Vincent Nowlis was a researcher for drug companies Developed mood scale Thought there were eight to twelve factors for mood Using more modern approaches, two dimensions become evident

22. What Are Emotional Traits and How… Expressed? © Copyright 2006 Allyn & Bacon Mayer’s Personality: A Systems Approach Part 2: Parts of PersonalityChapter 4: Motivation and Emotion Background on Measuring Emotion Russell’s Mood Circumplex

23. What Are Emotional Traits and How… Expressed? © Copyright 2006 Allyn & Bacon Mayer’s Personality: A Systems Approach Part 2: Parts of PersonalityChapter 4: Motivation and Emotion Background on Measuring Emotions Emotions are momentary…or are they? Emotions and relation to personality…

24. What Are Emotional Traits and How… Expressed? © Copyright 2006 Allyn & Bacon Mayer’s Personality: A Systems Approach Part 2: Parts of PersonalityChapter 4: Motivation and Emotion Background on Measuring Personality Hans Eysenck Wanted to be a physicist Developed psychological scales Sample questions –“I prefer making friends to being alone” –“I am sometimes tired, sometimes bubbling with energy, for no apparent reason.”

25. What Are Emotional Traits and How… Expressed? © Copyright 2006 Allyn & Bacon Mayer’s Personality: A Systems Approach Part 2: Parts of PersonalityChapter 4: Motivation and Emotion Background on Measuring Personality Eysenck’s 2- dimensional model of personality is based on factor analysis Personality traits are arranged amidst the two dimensions Restless Aggressive Rigid Sober Thoughtful Reliable Talkative Easygoing ExtravertedIntroverted Unstable Stable

26. What Are Emotional Traits and How… Expressed? © Copyright 2006 Allyn & Bacon Mayer’s Personality: A Systems Approach Part 2: Parts of PersonalityChapter 4: Motivation and Emotion Unification with Observationism Sanguine Choleric Melancholic Phlegmatic

27. What Are Emotional Traits and How… Expressed? © Copyright 2006 Allyn & Bacon Mayer’s Personality: A Systems Approach Part 2: Parts of PersonalityChapter 4: Motivation and Emotion Comparison of States and Traits Restless Aggressive Rigid Sober Thoughtful Reliable Talkative Easygoing ExtravertedIntroverted Unstable Stable

28. What Are Emotional Traits and How… Expressed? © Copyright 2006 Allyn & Bacon Mayer’s Personality: A Systems Approach Part 2: Parts of PersonalityChapter 4: Motivation and Emotion Conclusions Many traditional “personality traits” reflect a two dimensional structure. Many moods reflect a two dimensional structure The personality traits and the mood traits correspond, when they are rotated –Extroversion = arousal –Introversion = calmness –Neuroticism = unpleasantness –Emotional Stability = pleasantness

29. What Are Happy People Like? © Copyright 2006 Allyn & Bacon Mayer’s Personality: A Systems Approach Part 2: Parts of PersonalityChapter 4: Motivation and Emotion A Study of the Happiest Students Diener and Seligman screened 222 college stduents Only the 24 happiest students were selected They scored highest on measures of well-being They had consistently happy moods over a 51 day period They had low “negative” moods over the same period

30. What Are Happy People Like? © Copyright 2006 Allyn & Bacon Mayer’s Personality: A Systems Approach Part 2: Parts of PersonalityChapter 4: Motivation and Emotion Results from the Study The same as others... Perceived money they had Their grades Conscientiousness Objective physical appearance Time spent in various activities (TV, religious observance) Different from others… Highly satisfied with lives Nearly never thought about suicide Recall many more happy events Experienced more happy events every day Had good quality relationships with family and friends

31. What Are Happy People Like? © Copyright 2006 Allyn & Bacon Mayer’s Personality: A Systems Approach Part 2: Parts of PersonalityChapter 4: Motivation and Emotion ~end of Chapter 4~