1. Chapter 12 Personality Testing
Robert J. Drummond and Karyn Dayle Jones Assessment Procedures for Counselors and Helping Professionals, 6th edition
Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.

2. ROLE OF PERSONALITY THEORY
Robert J. Drummond and Karyn Dayle Jones Assessment Procedures for Counselors and Helping Professionals, 6th edition
Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.

3. Psychodynamic Approaches
Projective tests
Myers-Briggs
Robert J. Drummond and Karyn Dayle Jones Assessment Procedures for Counselors and Helping Professionals, 6th edition
Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.

4. Behavioral Approaches
Behavioral observation
Robert J. Drummond and Karyn Dayle Jones Assessment Procedures for Counselors and Helping Professionals, 6th edition
Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.

5. Humanistic Approaches
Self-Concept Scales
Coopersmith Self-Esteem Inventories
Tennessee Self-Concept Scale
Piers-Harris Children's Self-Concept Scale
Robert J. Drummond and Karyn Dayle Jones Assessment Procedures for Counselors and Helping Professionals, 6th edition
Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.

6. Trait, Type, and State Theories
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator
State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (example of trait and state)
Robert J. Drummond and Karyn Dayle Jones Assessment Procedures for Counselors and Helping Professionals, 6th edition
Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.

7. Empirical Approaches MMPI 16PF
Robert J. Drummond and Karyn Dayle Jones Assessment Procedures for Counselors and Helping Professionals, 6th edition
Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.

8. TECHNIQUES FOR MEASURING PERSONALITY
Verbal Techniques
Projective Questions
Sentence Completion
Story Completion
Visual Techniques
Drawing Techniques
Objective Techniques
Robert J. Drummond and Karyn Dayle Jones Assessment Procedures for Counselors and Helping Professionals, 6th edition
Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.

9. Objective versus Projective Personality Tests
In objective testing
Examinee’s responses are a behavioral sample
These behaviors are known to correlate with other behaviors
Look across several types of behaviors
Identify patterns
Assessment of personality
Robert J. Drummond and Karyn Dayle Jones Assessment Procedures for Counselors and Helping Professionals, 6th edition
Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.

10. Objective versus Projective Personality Tests
In projective testing
Examinee is given an ambiguous stimulus
TAT card, Rorschach ink blot
Asked to do something
TAT: tell or finish a story about the people in the card
Rorschach: what does blot remind you of? represent?
Robert J. Drummond and Karyn Dayle Jones Assessment Procedures for Counselors and Helping Professionals, 6th edition
Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.

11. Objective versus Projective
Theory of projective testing is that responses reveal characteristics of the examinee’s psychological structure
Supposed advantage is that projective tests get around a person’s defense mechanisms
Projective tests seem to have some validity but little or no incremental validity
Robert J. Drummond and Karyn Dayle Jones Assessment Procedures for Counselors and Helping Professionals, 6th edition
Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.

12. Problems in Objective Personality Assessment
Response style: the tendency of the examinee to approach a test in a manner that distorts the test results.
Acquiescent response style: the test taker to accept or agree with statements regardless of the item content.
Social desirability response style: the test taker chooses the response that he/she believes to be socially desirable rather than the response that more accurately reflects the individual's behavior or feelings (fake good or lie scales)
Nonacquiescence: disagreeing with whatever item is presented
Deviance: making unusual or uncommon responses
Extreme: choosing extreme, rather than middle, ratings on a rating scale
Gambling/Cautiousness: guessing, or not guessing, when in doubt
Robert J. Drummond and Karyn Dayle Jones Assessment Procedures for Counselors and Helping Professionals, 6th edition
Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.

13. Myers-Briggs Type Indicator®
An instrument for measuring a person’s preferences, using four basic scales with opposite poles:
extraversion/introversion
sensing/intuitive
thinking/feeling
judging/perceiving
Robert J. Drummond and Karyn Dayle Jones Assessment Procedures for Counselors and Helping Professionals, 6th edition
Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.

14. A description of the Myers Briggs “letters”
Where, primarily, do you direct your energy?
If you prefer to direct your energy to deal with people, things, situations, or "the outer world," then your preference is for Extraversion.
If you prefer to direct your energy to deal with ideas, information, explanations or beliefs, or "the inner world," then your preference is for Introversion.
Robert J. Drummond and Karyn Dayle Jones Assessment Procedures for Counselors and Helping Professionals, 6th edition
Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.

15. How do you prefer to process information?
If you prefer to deal with facts, what you know, to have clarity, or to describe what you see, then your preference is for Sensing.
If you prefer to deal with ideas, look into the unknown, to generate new possibilities, or to anticipate what isn't obvious, then your preference is for Intuition.
Robert J. Drummond and Karyn Dayle Jones Assessment Procedures for Counselors and Helping Professionals, 6th edition
Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.

16. How do you prefer to make decisions?
If you prefer to decide on the basis of objective logic, using an analytic and detached approach, then your preference is for Thinking.
If you prefer to decide using values and/or personal beliefs, on the basis of what you believe is important or what you or others care about, then your preference is for Feeling.
Robert J. Drummond and Karyn Dayle Jones Assessment Procedures for Counselors and Helping Professionals, 6th edition
Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.

17. How do you prefer to organize your life?
If you prefer your life to be planned, stable and organized then your preference is for Judging (not to be confused with “Judgemental,” which is quite different).
If you prefer to go with the flow, to maintain flexibility and respond to things as they arise, then your preference is for Perception.
Robert J. Drummond and Karyn Dayle Jones Assessment Procedures for Counselors and Helping Professionals, 6th edition
Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.

18. Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI / MMPI-2)
Most frequently used and most researched personality inventory
Developed to make diagnoses
Construction:
Large pool of items
Administered to psychiatric patients and non-psychiatric patients
Retained items that differentiated a given diagnostic group from the non-clinical group
550 T/F items
Robert J. Drummond and Karyn Dayle Jones Assessment Procedures for Counselors and Helping Professionals, 6th edition
Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.

19. Validity Scales Assess test-taking attitude or “response sets”
? (Cannot say) Scale
F (Infrequency) Scale
L (Lie) Scale
K (Defensiveness) Scale
New validity scales in MMPI-2
Fb (back-page infrequency)
VRIN (Variable Response Inconsistency)
TRIN (True Response Inconsistency)
Robert J. Drummond and Karyn Dayle Jones Assessment Procedures for Counselors and Helping Professionals, 6th edition
Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.

20. Validity Scales
Checks on carelessness, misunderstanding, malingering, response sets, test-taking attitudes
?—Cannot say; a tally of omitted items
TRIN—True Response Inconsistency
VRIN—Variable Response Inconsistency
F—infrequency
F(p)—psychiatric infrequency
L—Lie
K—defensiveness
Robert J. Drummond and Karyn Dayle Jones Assessment Procedures for Counselors and Helping Professionals, 6th edition
Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.

21. F Infrequency scale
60 items endorsed by no more than 10% of standardization sample
All undesirable behavior, but no particular pattern of abnormality
Unlikely a single person would exhibit all the problems
Expect some elevations for people with problems (T > 65) but not too high (T > 90)
May be due to scoring errors, careless responding, gross eccentricity, psychotic processes, or malingering
Robert J. Drummond and Karyn Dayle Jones Assessment Procedures for Counselors and Helping Professionals, 6th edition
Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.

22. Example items of F scale
My father is a good man. (F)
My teachers have it in for me. (T)
I am troubled by attacks of nausea and vomiting. (T)
Evil spirits possess me at times. (T)
My parents do not really love me. (T)
I am liked by most people who know me. (F)
There is something wrong with my mind. (T)
I think school is a waste of time. (T)
I get anxious and upset when I have to make a short trip away from home. (T)
I have gotten many beatings. (T)
Robert J. Drummond and Karyn Dayle Jones Assessment Procedures for Counselors and Helping Professionals, 6th edition
Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.

23. F(p) Psychopathology Infrequency Scale
F scale normed on a psychiatric population
Rare or extreme responding in a psychiatric setting
More useful with persons you expect to have a lot of problems
Robert J. Drummond and Karyn Dayle Jones Assessment Procedures for Counselors and Helping Professionals, 6th edition
Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.

24. Lie (L) scale
Items that make the respondent appear in a favorable light but unlikely to be true; claim of excessive virtue
Measure of cooperativeness and willingness to endorse negative self-views
Psychological interpretation: suggests naiveté, lack of psychological mindedness, rigid thinking, unrealistic self-image, neurotic defensiveness
Robert J. Drummond and Karyn Dayle Jones Assessment Procedures for Counselors and Helping Professionals, 6th edition
Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.

25. L scale items
Once in a while I think about things too bad to talk about.
At times I feel like swearing.
I do not always tell the truth.
I do not read every editorial in the newspaper every day.
Once in a while I put off tomorrow what I ought to do today.
My table manners are not quite as good at home as when I am out in company.
Robert J. Drummond and Karyn Dayle Jones Assessment Procedures for Counselors and Helping Professionals, 6th edition
Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.

26. K scale
Measures defensiveness in responding in a more subtle way than L scale
Measures willingness to disclose personal information and discuss problems
A high score may indicate “faking good” while a low score may indicate “faking bad”
Robert J. Drummond and Karyn Dayle Jones Assessment Procedures for Counselors and Helping Professionals, 6th edition
Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.

27. K scale items At times I feel like smashing things. (F)
I think a great many people may exaggerate their misfortunes in order to gain sympathy and help of others. (F)
It takes a lot of argument to convince most people of the truth. (F)
I have very few quarrels with members of my family. (T)
Most people will use somewhat unfair means to get what they want. (F)
At times my thoughts have raced ahead faster than I could speak them. (F)
I get mad easily then get over it soon. (F)
Robert J. Drummond and Karyn Dayle Jones Assessment Procedures for Counselors and Helping Professionals, 6th edition
Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.

28. Clinical Scales 1-Hypochondriasis (Hs) 2-Depression (D)
3-Hysteria (Hy)
4-Psychopathic deviation (Pd)
5-Masculinity-femininity (Mf)
6-Paranoia (Pa)
7-Psychasthenia (Pt)
8-Schizophrenia (Sc)
9-Hypomania (Ma)
10-Social Introversion (Si)
Supplementary scales
Robert J. Drummond and Karyn Dayle Jones Assessment Procedures for Counselors and Helping Professionals, 6th edition
Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.

29. Case 1: 24-year-old white male
Walk-in at counseling center
Above average IQ
Feeling depressed, stopped going to college classes
Alcohol problems since adolescence
Difficulty interacting in social situations
Some family discord
Preoccupied with how his behavior affects the larger society
Some suicidal thoughts
Seems tangential, unfocused, speech not fluid
Robert J. Drummond and Karyn Dayle Jones Assessment Procedures for Counselors and Helping Professionals, 6th edition
Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.

30. Robert J. Drummond and Karyn Dayle Jones Assessment Procedures for Counselors and Helping Professionals, 6th edition
Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.

31. Case 2: 14-year-old white male
Honors student
Many extracurriculars, captain of wrestling team, many friends
Family discord, divorce-remarriage
Arrested for felony: stole briefcase with expensive hockey tickets and sold tickets
Emergency room for alcohol poisoning
Robert J. Drummond and Karyn Dayle Jones Assessment Procedures for Counselors and Helping Professionals, 6th edition
Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.

32. Robert J. Drummond and Karyn Dayle Jones Assessment Procedures for Counselors and Helping Professionals, 6th edition
Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.

33. Case 3: 20-year-old African-American female
Under arrest for cocaine dealing
IQ range
History of sexual abuse
Long history of violent and aggressive behavior, running from placements
Pregnant with third child; all removed from her custody
Suicidal and self-injurious behavior
Robert J. Drummond and Karyn Dayle Jones Assessment Procedures for Counselors and Helping Professionals, 6th edition
Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.

34. Robert J. Drummond and Karyn Dayle Jones Assessment Procedures for Counselors and Helping Professionals, 6th edition
Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.

35. Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory-III
Self-report instrument
Assess DSM-IV-related personality disorders and clinical syndromes
Robert J. Drummond and Karyn Dayle Jones Assessment Procedures for Counselors and Helping Professionals, 6th edition
Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.

36. MCMI-III
Clinical Personality Pattern Scales (DSM-IV, Axis II) 1 - Schizoid 2A - Avoidant 2B - Depressive 3 - Dependent 4 - Histrionic 5 - Narcissistic 6A - Antisocial 6B - Sadistic (Aggressive) 7 - Compulsive 8A - Negativistic (Passive-Aggressive) 8B - Masochistic (Self-Defeating)
Severe Personality Pathology Scales S - Schizotypal C - Borderline P - Paranoid
Clinical Personality Pattern Scales (DSM-IV, Axis II) Clinical Syndrome Scales (DSM-IV, Axis I) A - Anxiety H - Somatoform N - Bipolar: Manic D - Dysthymia B - Alcohol Dependence T - Drug Dependence R - Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
Severe Syndrome Scales SS - Thought Disorder CC - Major Depression PP - Delusional Disorder
Modifying Indices X - Disclosure Y - Desirability Z - Debasement
Validity Index V - Validity
Robert J. Drummond and Karyn Dayle Jones Assessment Procedures for Counselors and Helping Professionals, 6th edition
Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.

37. The NEO-Personality Inventory
The Five-Factor Model of personality
NEO-PI-R
240 items
NEO-FFI—short form
Robert J. Drummond and Karyn Dayle Jones Assessment Procedures for Counselors and Helping Professionals, 6th edition
Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.

38. NEO-PI-R Domains: Neuroticism
Facets: Anxiety, Hostility, Depression, Self-Consciousness, Impulsiveness, Vulnerability
High N = Sensitive, emotional, and prone to experience feelings that are upsetting
Low N = Secure, hardy, and generally relaxed even under stressful conditions
Robert J. Drummond and Karyn Dayle Jones Assessment Procedures for Counselors and Helping Professionals, 6th edition
Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.

39. Extraversion
Facets: Warmth, Gregariousness, Assertiveness, Activity, Excitement Seeking, Positive Emotions
High E = Extraverted, outgoing, active, and high-spirited. You prefer to be around other people most of the time.
Low E = Introverted, reserved, and serious. You prefer to be alone or with a few close friends.
Robert J. Drummond and Karyn Dayle Jones Assessment Procedures for Counselors and Helping Professionals, 6th edition
Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.

40. Openness to Experience
Facets: Fantasy, Aesthetics, Feelings, Actions, Ideas, Values
High O = Open to new experiences. You have broad interests and are very imaginative.
Low O = Down-to-earth, practical, traditional, and pretty much set in your ways.
Robert J. Drummond and Karyn Dayle Jones Assessment Procedures for Counselors and Helping Professionals, 6th edition
Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.

41. Agreeableness
Facets: Trust, Straightforwardness, Altruism, Compliance, Modesty, Tender-mindedness
High A = Compassionate, good-natured, and eager to cooperate and avoid conflict.
Low A = Hardheaded, skeptical, proud, and competitive. You tend to express your anger directly.
Robert J. Drummond and Karyn Dayle Jones Assessment Procedures for Counselors and Helping Professionals, 6th edition
Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.

42. Conscientiousness
Facets: Competence, Order, Dutifulness, Achievement Striving, Self-Discipline, Deliberation
High C = Conscientious and well-organized. You have high standards and always strive to achieve your goals.
Low C = Easygoing, not very well-organized, and sometimes careless. You prefer not to make plans.
Robert J. Drummond and Karyn Dayle Jones Assessment Procedures for Counselors and Helping Professionals, 6th edition
Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.

43. Clinical Use / Limitations
Designed to assess “normal” personality
Research suggests may be useful in characterizing psychopathology
Limitations:
No validity scales
Use for diagnostic purposes not yet demonstrated
Not yet demonstrated for clinical treatment planning
Robert J. Drummond and Karyn Dayle Jones Assessment Procedures for Counselors and Helping Professionals, 6th edition
Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.

44. Projective Tests Ambiguous, unstructured stimuli
Examinees impose their own structure
Indirect—examinees are not aware of the purposes of the test
Freedom of response
Interpretation of more variables
Robert J. Drummond and Karyn Dayle Jones Assessment Procedures for Counselors and Helping Professionals, 6th edition
Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.

45. The Rorschach 10 cards Printed inkblots, symmetrical right to left
5 black/white, 5 colored
Each card presented individually
Record examinees response verbatim
Inquiry—what prompted each response?
Most common scoring approach:
Location, content, determinants
Robert J. Drummond and Karyn Dayle Jones Assessment Procedures for Counselors and Helping Professionals, 6th edition
Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.

46. The Rorschach—Controversies
Questions of reliability and validity
“test” versus “method”
Robert J. Drummond and Karyn Dayle Jones Assessment Procedures for Counselors and Helping Professionals, 6th edition
Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.

47. The Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
31 cards
people in ambiguous situations; objects; 1 blank card
Examinees instructed to tell a story about the picture. Who are the people? What are they thinking and feeling? What came before this scene and how will it turn out?
Not well-researched; difficult to evaluate reliability and validity
Robert J. Drummond and Karyn Dayle Jones Assessment Procedures for Counselors and Helping Professionals, 6th edition
Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.

48. Sentence Completion Techniques
Rotter Incomplete Sentences Blank
“I like …”; “What annoys me …”
Scoring is objective and reliable
Robert J. Drummond and Karyn Dayle Jones Assessment Procedures for Counselors and Helping Professionals, 6th edition
Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.

49. Rotter Incomplete Sentence
If only I could...feel more hopeful about things.
People I know...are usually fair and honest.
I can always...talk things out with someone.
I think guys...are less emotional than girls.
What makes me sad is...not being able to see my kids.
I think girls...were mysterious to me in High School.
My father...would always listen to what I had to say.
Where I live...is quiet and peaceful.
My mother was the type . . .who always took care of her family.
My health is...generally very good.
Robert J. Drummond and Karyn Dayle Jones Assessment Procedures for Counselors and Helping Professionals, 6th edition
Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.

50. The use of projective measures
When to use?
What do they reveal beyond other assessment methods?
Robert J. Drummond and Karyn Dayle Jones Assessment Procedures for Counselors and Helping Professionals, 6th edition
Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.

51. Personality: Comprehensive/Specific Domain
Orientation
Comprehensive Scope
Specific Domain
Normal
16PF
MBTI
CPI
Piers-Harris Children’s Self-Concept Scale
Rotter Locus of Control
Abnormal
MMPI-2
Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory
State-Trait Anxiety Inventory
Beck Depression Inventory
Robert J. Drummond and Karyn Dayle Jones Assessment Procedures for Counselors and Helping Professionals, 6th edition
Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.

52. Common Characteristics of Comprehensive Inventories
Include large number of items ( )
Take between minutes to complete (without time limits)
Yield many scores
Have many applications
Use nationally representative norm groups
Include narrative reports
Robert J. Drummond and Karyn Dayle Jones Assessment Procedures for Counselors and Helping Professionals, 6th edition
Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.

53. Common Characteristics of Specific Domain Tests
Have relatively few items (many have fewer than 30)
Can be completed quickly (10-15 minutes)
Yield only a few scores or one score
Have targeted audiences and uses
Limited norm groups
Scoring and reporting are simple
Robert J. Drummond and Karyn Dayle Jones Assessment Procedures for Counselors and Helping Professionals, 6th edition
Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.