1. the movement of materials and energy through an ecosystem
Ecosystem Ecology
the movement of materials and energy through an ecosystem
Section 22-1
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2. Producers Manufacture their own food
Capture energy and use it to make organic molecules
There are two types:
Photosynthetic = use energy from light
Chemosynthetic = use energy from inorganic chemicals
Examples = plants, protists, and bacteria

3. Gross Primary Productivity
- is the rate at which producers in an ecosystem capture energy

4. Biomass
- is the organic material in an ecosystem

5. Standing Crop Biomass

6. Net Primary Productivity
= gross primary productivity – rate of respiration in producers
is the rate at which biomass accumulates
is expressed as: energy/area/year (kcal/m2/y) mass/area/year (g/m2/y)

7. Primary Productivity of Different Ecosystems

8. Consumers
obtain energy by ingesting or consuming organic molecules made by other organisms
grouped according to the food they eat
Herbivores = eat producers
Carnivores = eat consumers
Omnivores = eat both producers and consumers
Detritivores = eat garbage
Decomposers = break down dead tissues and waste into smaller molecules

9. Movement of Stuff Through Ecosystems

10. Trophic Levels
an organism’s position in the sequence of energy transfers
most ecosystems contain only three or four trophic levels
Producers = 1st level
Herbivores = 2nd level
Carnivores = 3rd level +

11. Movement of Energy

12. a pathway of feeding relationships
Food Chain
a pathway of feeding relationships

13. Food Chains

14. Grazing Food Chain

15. Food Web

16. Energy Movement & Nutrient Cycling

17. Pyramid of Net Production
Note 10% energy transfer
between trophic levels
Pyramid of Net Production

18. Ecological Efficiency

19. Why is energy transfer so low?
Energy is reflected.
Energy is lost when some parts cannot be digested.
Energy is lost as waste.
Energy is lost in cellular respiration.
Energy is lost as heat.
Organisms die without being eaten.

20. Ecological Efficiency
100 * 6 / 67 = 9%
100 * 67 / 1478 = 4.5%
Ecological Efficiency
100 * 3,368 / 20,810 = 17%

21. Pyramid Shape A diagram of trophic level relationships
Width of bar correlates with the number
Three primary types of diagrams
Energy
Biomass
Population numbers

22. Biomass Pyramids

23. Pyramid of Numbers

24. Ecological Biomagnification