1. Attitudes and Behavior

2. Cognitive Dissonance: Why oh why? We like a product more if we pay for it than if it were free We like a product more after we buy it We like our romantic partner more after we are committed to the relationship We like someone more after we freely agree to do a favor for that person… We can rationalize almost any behaviour…

3. Attitudes and Behaviour Attitude: subjective evaluation of objects or persons in the world Ex: political, racial, sports, consumer,… An especially important type of attitudes are those about social groups Components of attitudes: Affective: emotional reaction to object Behavioural: actions taken towards or because of object Cognitive: beliefs about object

4. ABC of Attitudes Attitudes Sometimes Conflict with Other Powerful Determinants of Behavior Attitudes predict behaviour when there is… Accessibility: Ex, activating environmental attitude & voting for Kyoto protocol Motivational relevance: Olympics vote & sports fans Constraints: circumstances, norms that limit the expression of that attitude

5. Predicting Behavior From Attitudes Attitudes are sometimes based on vague, secondhand information Mismatched attitudes and actual attitude targets oDeath penalty oPredicting use of birth control pills

6. Fig. 8.2

7. Predicting Behavior From Attitudes Attitudes are sometimes based on vague, secondhand information Mismatched attitudes and actual attitude targets “Automatic” Behavior that Bypasses Conscious Attitudes Prime - a stimulus presented to mentally activate a concept temporarily, and hence make it accessible

8. Primes strongly influence behaviour Bargh, Chen & Burrows (1996) Independent variable: Implicit activation of “elderly” stereotype: Bingo, Florida, wrinkle vs. neutral words (chair, Minnesota, tree) Dependent variable: walking speed

10. Primes are stronger predictors of behaviour than self-reported attitudes Shariff & Norenzayan (2007) Reported belief in God (attitude) God prime (Divine, spirit, prophet, sacred etc.) vs. neutral prime Measure of generosity: how much of $10 offered to stranger?

11. Study 1: Belief in God. Difference is ns at p=.75. n=50.

12. Cash Offered No Prime Religious Prime Study 1

13. Religious Prime Cash Offered Neutral Prime Study 2 Secular Prime

14. Predicting Attitudes From Behavior Cognitive Dissonance Theory (Festinger, 1957) inconsistencies between a person’s thoughts, sentiments, and actions create an aversive emotional state (dissonance) that leads to efforts to restore consistency

15. Cognitive Dissonance Cognitive dissonance theory: attitude change can occur as a result of an inconsistency between attitude and behaviour People are motivated to maintain consistency in their beliefs and behaviours When attitude is inconsistent with behaviour, people experience dissonance = discomfort Dissonance can be reduced by 1) changing behaviour or 2) changing attitude

16. Predicting Attitudes From Behavior Induced (forced) compliance - subtly compelling individuals to behave in a manner that is inconsistent with their beliefs, attitudes, or values, which typically leads to dissonance and to a change in their original attitudes to reduce their dissonance Festinger and Carlsmith (1959) experiment on forced compliance

17. Effects of Induced Compliance Smaller the amount, more attitude change! Ss had to justify to themselves why they had to lie to other for so little money

18. “Spread of Alternatives” Study (Brehm, 1956) Aesop’s fox and the sour grapes Subjects rate desirability of potential items they could win Then they are given option to pick between two middle-range options with similar ratings They they are asked to rate them again Subjects significantly downgrade the rejected item!

19. Go Ahead, Rationalize. Monkeys Do It Too! (Egan, Santos, & Bloom, 2007) Monkeys show equal preferences Monkeys choose Red OR Blue (say chose Red, rejected Blue) Critical Test: which one would Monkeys choose? Blue OR Green?

20. Results 4-y. o. children choosing stickers Amnesiacs (impaired short term memories) choosing paintings Suggests rationalization is quite basic and may not need conscious reflection Fig. 3. Mean % of choices of novel but equally preferred option (C) in the choice and no-choice conditions

21. Predicting Attitudes From Behavior Effort Justification - tendency to reduce dissonance by finding reasons for why you have devoted time, effort, or money for something that turned out to be disappointing Aronson and Mills (1959) ‘initiation experiment’

23. Self-Perception Theory self-perception theory - people come to know their own attitudes by looking at their behavior and the context in which it occurred and inferring what their attitudes must be No discomfort or arousal

24. Cognitive Dissonance: Arousal If cognitive dissonance is aversive, it should be accompanied by a high arousal level Anti-attitudinal essay study Subjects were induced to write essays contrary to their attitudes Free choice group vs. no-choice group Which group should change attitude more? Which group should experience more arousal?

25. Arousal and Attitude Change F 15.4

27. Predicting Attitudes From Behavior Self-Affirmation and Dissonance self-affirmation theory - taking stock of one’s good qualities and core values, which can help a person cope with threats to self-esteem (and eliminate feelings of dissonance) Steele (1988) study of science vs. business majors