1. Chapter 20 Section 2

2.  Urban populations grew quickly because of migration to cities from rural areas  Driven by a lack of jobs and a lack of land  Living conditions improved in cities throughout the 1900s  Cities created boards of health City medical officers and building inspectors inspected living areas for health hazards Required running water and internal draining systems to bring in clean water and expel sewage Creation of underground sewage system

3. The New Elite The Middle Classes The Working Classes

4.  The New Elite  Made up 5% of population  Aristocrats joined by most successful industrialists, bankers, and merchants Became leaders in government and military  Marriage helped unite aristocrats with successful businesspeople to create the new elite class

5.  The Middle Classes  Upper middle class Lawyers, doctors, business managers, engineers, architects, accountants, chemists  Lower middle class Small shopkeepers, traders, prosperous peasants Salespeople, bookkeepers, secretaries  People who believed in hard work and were regular churchgoers Concerned with manners and etiquette

6.  The Working Classes  Made up almost 80% of population  Landholding peasants, farm laborers, skilled artisans, unskilled laborers  Living conditions improved Strikes for shorter hours and Saturdays off Rise in wages allows money for leisure activities

7.  New job opportunities arose  Clerks, typists, secretaries, sales clerks Mostly working class women  Marriage and the family  Many women still stayed at home Number of children born to one woman declined  Family was central to middle class life  Children began work at age 9 or 10 Women worked until marriage

8.  Movement for Women’s Rights  Movement is also called feminism  Initially argued on basis of natural rights  Later, fought for rights to divorce, own property, access to universities, entry into male-dominated occupations  By 1914, women have right to vote in some countries

9.  Late 1800s, most Western governments set up state-financed primary schools  Boys and girls ages 6-12 were required to attend  Primary motivation for this was political Allow more people to vote created a need for better-educated voters  Created a demand for teachers Mostly women Lower salaries than men 1 st female colleges were teacher-training schools  Increases literacy rates

10.  Industrial system provided more time and money for leisure activities  Amusement parks were introduced  Professional team sports