1. Data and Data Collection Questionnaire
SIMAD University
Data and Data Collection
Questionnaire
Ali Yassin Sheikh

2. Collecting Primary Data Using Questionnaires
Introduction
Advantages and disadvantages of questionnaires
Types of Questionnaires: self-administered and interview-administered questionnaires
Consider issues:
Selection and justification for using questionnaires
Designing, pilot testing and administering
Enhancing response rate
Conclusion

3. Introduction Questionnaire:
Technique of data collection in which each person is asked to respond to the same set of questions in a predetermined order.
It is widely used tool in survey studies.
Careful design and pilot test is required before administering the questionnaires to the respondents.

4. Introduction, cont… Types of Questionnaires:
Self-administered: usually completed by the respondents (e.g., internet-mediated, postal or mail or delivery and collection questionnaires).
Interview administered
Telephone questionnaires
Structured interviews

5. Introduction, cont… Choice of questionnaires:
Is influenced by factors related to your research questions and objectives:
Size of sample
Types of questions
Characteristics of the respondents
Response rate
It is used either descriptive or explanatory purpose

6. Advantages and Disadvantages
Provides efficient way of collecting responses from a large sample
Required less skill and sensitivity than semi-structure and in-depth interviews
Ability to generalize the results (depends to your sample size)
Disadvantage
You have only one chance of collecting data
Not suitable for exploratory studies
Difficult to maintain good response rate

7. Ensuring Essential Data are Collected
Decide whether the main outcome of your research is descriptive or explanatory.
Sub-divide each research question/objective into more specific investigative questions about which you need to collect data.
Develop measurement questions to capture the data at level required for each variable.

8. Enhancing Response Rate
You should observe the following:
Careful design of individual questions
Clear and pleasing layout of the questions
Clear explanation of the purpose of the questionnaire
Pilot testing
Carefully planned and executed administration

9. Types of Questions
Open questions (use only if you are unsure the response)
List questions (offer a respond a list of responses)
Category questions (respondent’s answer can fit only one category)
Ranking questions (ask the respondent to place things in rank order)
Rating questions (used to collect opinion questions using likert-scale rating)
Quantity questions (number is required)
Matrix questions (questions are listed down and responses are listed top)

10. Conclusion Process of Using Questionnaires:
For this stage better to adopt/adapt used/ developed questionnaire from prior studies with same research area because of:
Validity and reliability issues are minimal
No need time to develop from scratch
No need to discuss and justify in paragraphs how you developed your questionnaire.

11. Data and Data Collection Interviews
SIMAD University
Data and Data Collection
Interviews
Ali Yassin Sheikh

12. When to use non-standardised (qualitative) interviews
Collecting Primary Data Using Semi-structured, In-depth and Group Interviews
Introduction
Types of interviews
When to use non-standardised (qualitative) interviews
Data quality issues and preparing for the interview
Interviewing competence
Group interview and focus groups
Conclusion

13. Introduction Definition:
An interview is a purposively discussion between two or more people (Kahn & Cannell, 1957).
Semi-structured interview: the interviewer commences with a set of themes without order and new themes are added based on the situation.
It can facilitate gathering valid and reliable data that are relevant to your research objectives.

14. Types of Interviews
Interview may be both formalized, structured (standardized) or informal and unstructured conversations:
Structured interview
Semi-structured interview
Unstructured or in-depth interviews
Or simply standardised or non-standardised interviews

15. Types of Interviews, cont…
Structured interviews:
use questionnaires based on a predetermined and standardised.
or identical set of questions referred to as interviewer-administered questionnaires.
You read out each question and then record the response.
They can be used to collect quantifiable data.

16. Types of Interviews, cont…
Semi-structured and in-depth interviews are non standardised
They are often referred to as qualitative research interviews.
The researcher may have set of questions, although these may vary from interview to interview.
The order of questions may be varied depending on flow of the conversation.
Data will be recorded by audio-recording the conversation or note taking.

17. Types of Interviews, cont…
Un-structured interviews: are informal
It is used for exploring in depth a general area in which you are interested.
There is no predetermined questions to work through.
However, you need to have a clear idea about the aspect you intend to explore.

18. Types of Interviews, cont…
In exploratory study
In-depth interviews can be helpful to find out what is happening to seek insights
Semi-structured interviews may also be used in relation to an exploratory study
In descriptive studies, structured interviews can be used as a means to identify general patterns
In explanatory study, semi-structured interviews may be used to understand the relationship between variables.
Structured interview is also relevant

19. When to use non-standardised (qualitative) interview
Four aspects should be considered using qualitative interviews:
The purpose and the strategy of the research
The significance of establishing personal contact
The nature of the data collection questions
The length of time required and completeness of the process

20. Data quality issues and preparing for the interview
Data quality issues are raised in using semi-structured and in-depth interviews:
Reliability
Forms of bias
Validity, and
Generalisibility

21. Interviewing competence
In order to develop and demonstrate competence in conducting semi-structured and in-depth interviews
Observe the following:
Opining the interview
Using appropriate language
Questioning and listening skills
Testing and summarizing understanding
Recognizing and dealing with difficult participants
Recording data

22. Group interviews and focus groups
General term to describe all non-standardised interviews conducted with two or more people:
Focus group
Discussion group

23. Conclusion Process of Using Interview:
The key point for you to consider is the consistency between your:
Research question and objectives
The strategy you will employ, and
The methods of data collection you will use
The key to a successful interview is careful preparation (five Ps: prior planning prevents poor performance)