1. Click to edit Master title style Click to edit Master text styles – Second level Third level – Fourth level » Fifth level 07/09/20151 Climate Change & Technology Transfer AGU October 6-7, 2010 07/09/20151Eng. Hussain Makki-NOGA

2. Click to edit Master title style Click to edit Master text styles – Second level Third level – Fourth level » Fifth level 07/09/20152 Avoiding Dangerous Climate Change: A Shrinking Window of Opportunity 07/09/20152Eng. Hussain Makki-NOGA

3. Click to edit Master title style Click to edit Master text styles – Second level Third level – Fourth level » Fifth level 07/09/20153 Increase in the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere must be limited to 450 parts per million (ppm) of CO2e if the world is to have a fifty-fifty chance of not crossing the temperature threshold. This means no more than 1,456 Gt CO2, or around an annual average of 14.5 Gt CO2, of carbon dioxide emissions should be released into the atmosphere in the 21st century. 07/09/20153Eng. Hussain Makki-NOGA

4. Click to edit Master title style Click to edit Master text styles – Second level Third level – Fourth level » Fifth level 07/09/20154 4Eng. Hussain Makki-NOGA

5. Click to edit Master title style Click to edit Master text styles – Second level Third level – Fourth level » Fifth level 07/09/20155 Technology For Adaptation in Energy Sector?? Technology For Adaptation in Energy Sector?? Power Plant Power Plant Renewable Energies Renewable Energies Energy Management Energy Management 07/09/2015Eng. Hussain Makki-NOGA5 Technology is not about mitigation, it is also adaptation for the energy sector!

6. Click to edit Master title style Click to edit Master text styles – Second level Third level – Fourth level » Fifth level 07/09/20156 6 The Global Context of Technology Transfer Technology transfer is considered to be a key element in combating climate change under the UNFCCC. Necessity to realization global cooperation especially North- South and South-South It is an important element in all multi-lateral environmental agreements (MEAs) Technology transfer includes several phases of technology development, deployment, dissemination, adoption and “domestication” TT is one of the pillars of the Bali Action Plan endorsed by UNFCCC COP in 2007 and is now one of the negotiations tracks for post Kyoto 07/09/2015Eng. Hussain Makki-NOGA

7. Click to edit Master title style Click to edit Master text styles – Second level Third level – Fourth level » Fifth level 07/09/20157 Technology Transfer IPCC defined Technology Transfer as: “….. a broad set of processes covering the flows of know-how, experience and equipment for mitigating and adapting to climate change amongst different stakeholders such as governments, private sector entities, financial institutions, NGOs and research/education institutions.” It encompasses diffusion of technologies and technology cooperation across and within countries. It covers technology transfer processes between all countries (developed, developing, economies in transition) It comprises the process of learning to understand, utilize and replicate the technology, including the capacity to choose & adapt to local conditions & integrate it with indigenous technologies. -IPCCC Special Report of Working Group III, “Methodological and Technical Issues in Technology Transfer” 07/09/20157Eng. Hussain Makki-NOGA

8. Click to edit Master title style Click to edit Master text styles – Second level Third level – Fourth level » Fifth level 07/09/20158 TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER UNDER THE UNFCCC AND KYOTO PROTOCOL 07/09/20158Eng. Hussain Makki-NOGA Article 4.5 of the Convention addresses technology transfer, stating that “developed countries…shall take all practicable steps to promote, facilitate and finance, as appropriate, the transfer of, or access to, environmentally-sound technologies and know- how to other Parties, particularly developing country Parties, to enable them to implement the provisions of the Convention.” Article 10c of the Kyoto Protocol contains a similar commitment.

9. Click to edit Master title style Click to edit Master text styles – Second level Third level – Fourth level » Fifth level 07/09/20159 In 2001, Parties to the UNFCCC adopted a framework for actions to enhance the implementation of Article 4.5. The framework contains five key activities relating to: – Technology Needs Assessments (TNA), – Technology Information, – Enabling Environments, – Capacity Building and – Mechanisms for Technology Transfer. 07/09/20159Eng. Hussain Makki-NOGA

10. Click to edit Master title style Click to edit Master text styles – Second level Third level – Fourth level » Fifth level 07/09/201510 Funding to implement the framework is provided through the climate change focal area of the Global Environment Facility and the Special Climate Change Fund. The CDM is also expected to contribute to the transfer of cleaner and more efficient technologies to developing countries. 07/09/201510Eng. Hussain Makki-NOGA

11. Click to edit Master title style Click to edit Master text styles – Second level Third level – Fourth level » Fifth level 07/09/201511 Parties to the UNFCCC took further action in 2001 by establishing an Expert Group on Technology Transfer (EGTT) to help advance the Convention’s technology-related goals. Since then, workshops have been held on technology information (Beijing, China, April 2002), needs assessments (Seoul, Republic of Korea, April 2002), enabling environments (Ghent, Belgium, April 2003), innovative financing (Montreal, Canada, September 2004 and Bonn, Germany, October 2005), and adaptation technologies (Tobago, June 2005),.......(Bonn, June 2010) 07/09/201511Eng. Hussain Makki-NOGA

12. Click to edit Master title style Click to edit Master text styles – Second level Third level – Fourth level » Fifth level 07/09/201512 The Poznan COP reconstituted the EGTT for a period of five years (decision 3/CP.13), Adopt Poznan Strategic Programme that taking into consideration differences in accessing and applying technologies for mitigation and adaptation. 07/09/201512Eng. Hussain Makki-NOGA

13. Click to edit Master title style Click to edit Master text styles – Second level Third level – Fourth level » Fifth level 07/09/201513 Poznan Strategic Program on Technology Transfer Consists of three funding windows – Technology needs assessments ($9m) – Technology transfer pilot projects ($40m) – Dissemination of technologies and practices ($1m) Timeframe for implementation – Remainder of GEF-4 (FY2006-10) 07/09/201513Eng. Hussain Makki-NOGA

14. Click to edit Master title style Click to edit Master text styles – Second level Third level – Fourth level » Fifth level 07/09/201514 Non-Technological Options In addition to technological options, countries also identified policies, regulations, standards and codes Awareness raising and education were identified as critical elements of the TNA Non-technological options needed to create an environment conducive to the adoption of hard technologies 07/09/201514Eng. Hussain Makki-NOGA

15. Click to edit Master title style Click to edit Master text styles – Second level Third level – Fourth level » Fifth level 07/09/20151507/09/2015Eng. Hussain Makki-NOGA15 Earlier TNAs Conducted within the National Communications with add-on funding from the GEF: UNDP assisted 78 countries between 2000 and 2003 –Reports available for 66 countries UNEP assisted 14 countries –Reports available for 12 countries

16. Click to edit Master title style Click to edit Master text styles – Second level Third level – Fourth level » Fifth level 07/09/201516 Countries with TNA Reports Available 07/09/201516Eng. Hussain Makki-NOGA

17. Click to edit Master title style Click to edit Master text styles – Second level Third level – Fourth level » Fifth level 07/09/201517 Examples of Technolgies Identified in the Early TNAs Renewable Energy –Building-integrated photovoltaic power production –Stationary fuel-cell power generation Residential Energy Efficiency –Lighting and appliances –District heating systems Industrial Energy Efficiency –High efficiency industrial boilers Sustainable Urban Transport –Traffic demand management –Bus Rapid Transit Systems 07/09/201517Eng. Hussain Makki-NOGA

18. Click to edit Master title style Click to edit Master text styles – Second level Third level – Fourth level » Fifth level 07/09/201518 Key Sectors Covered by TNA Reports Source: Synthesis report on technology needs identified by Parties not included in Annex I to the Convention, FCCC/SBSTA/2006/INF.1, 21 April 2006. 07/09/201518Eng. Hussain Makki-NOGA

19. Click to edit Master title style Click to edit Master text styles – Second level Third level – Fourth level » Fifth level 07/09/201519 Share of Mitigation Options by Sector 07/09/201519Eng. Hussain Makki-NOGA

20. Click to edit Master title style Click to edit Master text styles – Second level Third level – Fourth level » Fifth level 07/09/201520 Share of Adaptation Options by Sectors 07/09/201520Eng. Hussain Makki-NOGA

21. Click to edit Master title style Click to edit Master text styles – Second level Third level – Fourth level » Fifth level 07/09/201521 Current Situation of TT in Arab Region Misunderstanding of TT Concept. Absence of necessary financial resources to TNA for some of Arab Counties. Lack of technological information. Absence of enabling environments. Lack of trust and coordination between governments, Private sectors and scientific research institutions. 07/09/2015Eng. Hussain Makki-NOGA21

22. Click to edit Master title style Click to edit Master text styles – Second level Third level – Fourth level » Fifth level 07/09/201522 Some countries prepared the TNA. There is a proposal to study the TNA in GCC, prepared by UNEP last month. There are some initiatives in the region that work on technology transfer like “Masdar”. 07/09/2015Eng. Hussain Makki-NOGA22

23. Click to edit Master title style Click to edit Master text styles – Second level Third level – Fourth level » Fifth level 07/09/201523 Cont’d No.CountryTNA Date 1.Comoros2006 2.Egypt2001 3.Jordan2004 4.Lebanon2002 5.Tunisia2001 07/09/2015Eng. Hussain Makki-NOGA23

24. Click to edit Master title style Click to edit Master text styles – Second level Third level – Fourth level » Fifth level 07/09/201524 Energy-efficiency technologies and Arabian countries supported by the GEF Energy-efficiency technologyCountries Efficient lighting (compact fluorescent lamps, efficient street lighting, light- emitting diodes, etc.) Egypt, Morocco Energy-efficient appliances (refrigerators, air conditioners, washers, dryers, cookers, stoves, etc.) Tunisia Energy-efficient building designLebanon, Morocco, Tunisia Industrial energy-efficiency technologies (steel, brickmaking, cement, ceramics, textile, foundry, rubber, wood, cokemaking, tea processing, food processing, pulp and paper, charcoal production, etc.) Morocco, Tunisia Cogeneration (including heat recovery for power generation from industrial processes) Sudan 07/09/2015Eng. Hussain Makki-NOGA24

25. Click to edit Master title style Click to edit Master text styles – Second level Third level – Fourth level » Fifth level 07/09/201525 Renewable Energy Technologies and Arabian countries supported by the GEF Renewable technologyCountries Off-grid photovoltaics (PVs)Morocco Solar water heatingAlgeria, Lebanon, Morocco, Tunisia TunisiaJordan, Tunisia Methane from waste (mixed municipal and/or liquid biological) Jordan Biomass boilers (heat production)Egypt 07/09/2015Eng. Hussain Makki-NOGA25

26. Click to edit Master title style Click to edit Master text styles – Second level Third level – Fourth level » Fifth level 07/09/201526 Low-GHG-emitting energy generating technologies and countries supported by the GEF 07/09/2015Eng. Hussain Makki-NOGA26

27. Click to edit Master title style Click to edit Master text styles – Second level Third level – Fourth level » Fifth level 07/09/201527 Transport sector technologies and countries supported by the GEF 07/09/2015Eng. Hussain Makki-NOGA27

28. Click to edit Master title style Click to edit Master text styles – Second level Third level – Fourth level » Fifth level 07/09/201528 Barrier to TT in the Developing Countries Policy frameworks. Technology. Awareness and information. Business and delivery models. Availability of financing. 07/09/2015Eng. Hussain Makki-NOGA28

29. Click to edit Master title style Click to edit Master text styles – Second level Third level – Fourth level » Fifth level 07/09/201529 Barrier to TT in the Arab Region Lack of access to information, Market failures, Absence of skilled human resources, Weak institutional and legislative frameworks, Social constraints. High cost of technologies and difficulties represented in accessing finance and the weak capacity to mobilize private-sector capital. 07/09/2015Eng. Hussain Makki-NOGA29

30. Click to edit Master title style Click to edit Master text styles – Second level Third level – Fourth level » Fifth level 07/09/201530 Conclusions and Recommendations TNA is fundamental for the achievement of successful technology transfer. Governments should play an important role in coordinating and guiding technology needs assessment among different stakeholders, and in creating other enabling environment for technology needs assessment. TNA should be prepared at national & regional level. Diversification of financial sources, local, regional and global to implement TNA. 07/09/201530Eng. Hussain Makki-NOGA

31. Click to edit Master title style Click to edit Master text styles – Second level Third level – Fourth level » Fifth level 07/09/201531 Establish a regional technology transfer centre Develop legislative and institutional frameworks – Complete & update the TNAs – Develop technology road maps and national action plans. – Develop technology transfer frameworks/strategy – Enhance enabling environments to integrate technology transfer policies at the national levels. Raising awareness on EST & TT. Capacity-building in TT. 07/09/2015Eng. Hussain Makki-NOGA31

32. Click to edit Master title style Click to edit Master text styles – Second level Third level – Fourth level » Fifth level 07/09/20153207/09/201532Eng. Hussain Makki-NOGA