1. The South’s Peculiar Institution John Sacher University of Central Florida jsacher@mail.ucf.edu

2. How do we define the South?

3. Where did slaves live?

4. Slave Population—1860 SlavesTotal PopulationSlave % Virginia 490,865 1,596,318 31% Georgia 462,198 1,057,28644% Mississippi436,631 791,305 55% Alabama 435,080 964,20145% South Carolina 402,406 703,70857% Louisiana331,726 708,00247% North Carolina 331,059 992,62233% Tennessee275,7191,109,80125% Kentucky225,4831,155,68420% Texas182,566 604,21530% Missouri 114,9311,182,01210% Arkansas111,115 435,45026% Maryland 87,189 687,04913% Florida 61,745 140,42444% Delaware 1,798 112,216 2%

5. Slave Population—1860 SlavesTotal PopulationSlave % South Carolina 402,406 703,70857% Mississippi436,631 791,305 55% Louisiana331,726 708,00247% Alabama 435,080 964,20145% Georgia 462,198 1,057,28644% Florida 61,745 140,42444% North Carolina 331,059 992,62233% Virginia 490,865 1,596,318 31% Texas182,566 604,21530% Arkansas 111,115 435,45026% Tennessee275,7191,109,80125% Kentucky225,4831,155,68420% Maryland 87,189 687,04913% Missouri 114,9311,182,01210% Delaware 1,798 112,216 2%

6. Some Figures: In 1860, in the slave states, there were 8 million whites who owned 4 million slaves. In 1860, in the slave states, there were 8 million whites who owned 4 million slaves. The number of slaveholders in 1860— approx. 387,000 The number of slaveholders in 1860— approx. 387,000 In other words, only approximately 5% of all whites owned slaves. In other words, only approximately 5% of all whites owned slaves. Wait a second, only 5% of all whites living in slave states owned slaves, that doesn’t sound right…. Wait a second, only 5% of all whites living in slave states owned slaves, that doesn’t sound right….

7. How many families owned slaves? (1860) STATE:SLAVEHOLDERS TOTAL FAMILIES PCT MISSISSIPPI30943 6301549 SOUTH CAROLINA 26701 58642 46 GEORGIA 41084 109919 37 ALABAMA 33730 96603 35 FLORIDA 5152 15090 34 LOUISIANA 22033 74725 29 TEXAS 21878 76781 28 NORTH CAROLINA 34658 125090 28 VIRGINIA 52128 201523 26 TENNESSEE 36844 149335 25 ARKANSAS 11481 57244 20 Total 316632 102796731

8. How Many People Owned Slaves?

9. How Many Slaves Did They Own?

10. Slave Owning—1860 Number of SlavesPercent of Owners >100.6% >100.6% 50-100 2.1% 50-100 2.1% 20-50 9.3% 10-2016.0% 5-1017.0% 5-1017.0% 1-555.0% 1-555.0%

11. Cotton 4.5 million bales (1860)

12. Cotton Gin

13. Slave Crops

14. Strikingly Similar...

15. Size of Southern Crops Tobacco 1849 106 million lbs. Tobacco 1849 106 million lbs. 1859 347 million lbs. 1859 347 million lbs. Rice 1849 215 million lbs. Rice 1849 215 million lbs. 1859 187 million lbs. 1859 187 million lbs. Sugar 1849 $60 million Sugar 1849 $60 million 1859 $180 million 1859 $180 million Cotton 2.5 million bales to 4.5 million bales Cotton 2.5 million bales to 4.5 million bales

16. PLANTATION ORGANIZATION A. Gang System Owner—Planter (owns 20+ slaves) Owner—Planter (owns 20+ slaves) Overseer—Day-to-day authority figure Overseer—Day-to-day authority figure Driver—Slave Foreman Driver—Slave Foreman Field Hands—Men and women Field Hands—Men and women B. Task System

17. Task System

18. Plantation Layout

19. Where did slaves work? They worked in... Cotton 55 percent Cotton 55 percent Tobacco 10 percent Tobacco 10 percent Sugar/rice/hemp 10 percent Sugar/rice/hemp 10 percent Servant positions 15 percent Servant positions 15 percent Trades/industry 10 percent Trades/industry 10 percent

20. Tredegar Iron Works

21. Slave Codes

22. The Whip

23. The Bible and Slavery

24. Josiah Nott, Types of Mankind

25. Good Society Argument

26. Slave Prices

27. The Second Middle Passage

28. Slave Coffle

29. Mary Chesnut South Carolina Plantation Mistress “Every lady tells you who is the father of all the mulatto children in everybody's household, but those in her own she seems to think drop from the clouds, or pretends so to think." “Every lady tells you who is the father of all the mulatto children in everybody's household, but those in her own she seems to think drop from the clouds, or pretends so to think."