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China, 1921-Present World History Libertyville High School
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Foundation of Party Formed in 1921 with help from Soviet Union Part of Soviet effort to make communist revolution international Eventually, Soviets and Chinese communists split in their beliefs, ideologies
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Chinese Civil War, 1927-49 Chinese Nationalists (KMT), under Chiang Kai-Shek vs. Chinese Communists, under Mao Tse-Tung KMT supported by West, Communists by Soviets KMT winning in 1920s, 1930s
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Chinese Civil War “The Long March” (1934-35) – Series of Communist retreats covering 8000 miles in 370 days – During March, Mao reorganized Party, setting self as leader – Reached safety in mnts near Soviet border
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Japanese Invasion, 1937-45 Civil war interrupted by Japanese invasion, in 1937 – United both sides against Japanese KMT retreated to mountains – Saved strength, but morale and prestige hurt Communists fought as guerillas vs. Japanese – Won over peasants
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End of Civil War Civil war resumed after Japanese defeated Communists have smaller army, BUT… – Better soldiers – Peasants on their side KMT demoralized, lost war – Retreated to Taiwan, an offshore island Even today, Communist China claims Taiwan as breakaway province
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“The Great Leap Forward” (1958-61) Forced collectivization of agricultural sector (1949-58) – Peasants forced into communes – Private ownership of land eliminated – Done prior to industrialization, so peasants not mechanized Industrialization at local level (1958-61) – “Backyard” furnaces for steel production (melt down old products to make steel - impossible) – Quietly abandoned in 1960s
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“The Great Leap Forward” (1958-61) Social Changes, 1949-61 – Religious worship and opium made illegal – Religion replaced by political meetings and propaganda – Coercion, violence common Results – 20-43 million dead (mainly starvation) – Steel production FELL – Mao discredited for 5-6 years
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“The Cultural Revolution” (1966-76) Official goal was to enforce socialism by eliminating capitalist, traditional and cultural elements from society – Struggle for power between Mao, other communist leaders – Became an anti-intellectual purge of Chinese society “Red Guards” – Mao’s followers, mainly students – Mao ordered them to overthrow the party establishment and replace them with Revolutionary Committees – Much violence ensued in power struggle
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“The Cultural Revolution” Social changes: “Abolishing the Four Olds” – Old Customs, Old Culture, Old Habits, Old Ideas – Red Guards destroyed old buildings, religious shrines, temples, mosques – Education stopped b/c teachers were sent to labor camps – Anyone with skills above a peasant was considered in need of “revolutionary re- education”
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“The Cultural Revolution” Consequences – Generation of illiteracy – Establishment of “Cult of Personality” of Mao – 36 million Chinese persecuted, “re-educated” – 500,000 killed – Ended with death of Mao in 1976 – Today, regarded as a negative event in Chinese history
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Western Economic Ideas, 1982-Present With death of Mao in 1976, succession struggle ensued – Deng Xiaoping won Created “Special Economic Zones” – Few state regulations in areas, to encourage foreign investment – Essentially allowed capitalism in these zones – Experimented with limited political freedoms as well
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Western Economic Ideas, 1982-Present Results – GDP has grown 1000% since 1978 – China’s GDP is second only to USA – World’s #1 exporter – BUT GDP per capita of $8400 is below international avg. – About 51% Chinese live in cities, in 2011 SEE CIA World FactbookCIA World Factbook
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Tiananmen Square (4/89 to 6/4/89) Hundreds of thousands of college students & democratic reformers gathered in Beijing Protests centered on… – Human rights violations – Lack of freedom in China – Demands for political liberalization
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Tiananmen Square Government’s response – Attempted to rally support of people to its side (failed) – Next came threats against protesters – Purge within ruling committee Leaders sympathetic to protesters ousted – Troops sent in to crush protests Nationwide crackdown on liberalization followed
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Challenges Facing China Demographics – From 1964-1982, population increased from 694 to 1,008 million “One Child Policy” implemented in 1979 – About 36% of pop. subject to strict 1 child policy (urban) – About 53% allowed 2 nd child if 1 st is a girl – About 10% allowed 2 kids – Tibetans, Hong Kong have no limits
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Challenges - Demographics Consequences – From 1979 to 2011, about 400 million births prevented – “Prevention” includes use of contraceptives, enforced abortion, female infanticide, offering girls for adoption – Too many Chinese males (117:100 in 2000) – Too few young Chinese to support aging population
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