1. Memory Codes Auditory, visual, tactile, gustatory, olfactory, semantic, verbal (words)

2. Sensory vs. STM Sensory memory –ICON – visual format or visual code –ECHO – acoustic code –Generally, code is the same as the sense –E.g., Touch sensory memory  tacticle

3. Sensory vs. STM What is the code in STM? Example study (Conrad, 1964) –Used the span task with letters (presented visually) –Very accurate, but occasionally make mistakes  he studied the mistakes (when people remember the wrong letter)

4. Confusion mistakes (confusions) When you remember the wrong letter, –The wrong letter could look like the letter you saw (visual confusion) E.g., saw L  I –The wrong letter could sound like the letter you saw (acoustic confusion) E.g., saw P  T

5. Results The vast majority of the mistakes were acoustic confusions Conclusion  STM involves acoustic coding More generally, acoustic coding is common in short-term memory

6. Atkinson-Shiffrin model (1968) Model of different memories, their codes, and the processes that access the memories 3 kinds of memory: –Sensory memory –Short-term memory –Long-term memory

7. Flow of memory Stimulus from environment  stimulus represented in sensory memory (small capacity, extremely brief duration, code is related to the sense [sensory modality])  stimulus represented in STM (limited capacity, duration up to about 30 seconds, primarily acoustic code)

8. Flow (cont.)  stimulus represented in LTM (infinite capacity [unlimited], infinite duration, variety of codes) Aka, the “modal model” See p. 83 for the diagram of this information processing model

9. Another model of short-term memory Emphasizes the “working” aspect of memory Called the Working Memory Model (Baddeley, 1986) Three components to short-term memory: phonological loop, visuospatial sketchpad, central executive

10. Phonological loop Hold small amount of information in terms of the way it sounds (acoustic coding) –Phonological sounds come from your language –Acoustic = any sounds Can hold about 2 seconds worth of phonological information at a time (like an audiotape) [capacity]

11. Visuospatial sketchpad Like a drawing tablet, with only so many things drawn at a time (limited capacity, visual code) Holds not only the visual information (what things look like), but also how they are arranged (spatial information)

12. Central executive Monitors, keeps track of, arranges information, etc. within the phonological loop and the visuospatial sketchpad E.g., central executive involved in moving information from phonological loop to LTM Also, converts information from one code to another

13. Diagram of WM Model Phonological Loop VSS Central Executive

14. Current state of A-S & WM Model A-S: still most commonly accepted model of memory, including outside of cognitive psychology, and out into general public WM: used outside of cognitive psychology, especially in neuropsychology or neuroscience