© 2002 Prentice Hall Business PublishingPrinciples of Economics, 6/eKarl Case, Ray Fair 17 Prepared by: Fernando Quijano and Yvonn Quijano Measuring National.

© 2002 Prentice Hall Business PublishingPrinciples of Economics, 6/eKarl Case, Ray Fair National Income and Product Accounts (P.393) National income and product accounts are data collected and published by the government describing the various components of national income and output in the economy.National income and product accounts are data collected and published by the government describing the various components of national income and output in the economy. The Department of Commerce is responsible for producing and maintaining the “National Income and Product Accounts” that keep track of GDP.The Department of Commerce is responsible for producing and maintaining the “National Income and Product Accounts” that keep track of GDP.

© 2002 Prentice Hall Business PublishingPrinciples of Economics, 6/eKarl Case, Ray Fair 國民所得與生產帳戶國民所得與生產帳是由政府收集資料與發行，它用來說明一國經濟中國民所得與生產的各種構成要素。國民所得與生產帳是由政府收集資料與發行，它用來說明一國經濟中國民所得與生產的各種構成要素。我國行政院主計處負責編製 “ 國民所得與生產會計帳 ” ，此用來與 GDP 接軌。我國行政院主計處負責編製 “ 國民所得與生產會計帳 ” ，此用來與 GDP 接軌。

© 2002 Prentice Hall Business PublishingPrinciples of Economics, 6/eKarl Case, Ray Fair Gross Domestic Product (P.393) Gross domestic product (GDP) is the total market value of all final goods and services produced within a given period by factors of production located within a country.Gross domestic product (GDP) is the total market value of all final goods and services produced within a given period by factors of production located within a country.

© 2002 Prentice Hall Business PublishingPrinciples of Economics, 6/eKarl Case, Ray Fair Final Goods and Services (P.394) The term final goods and services refers to goods and services produced for final use.The term final goods and services refers to goods and services produced for final use. Intermediate goods are goods produced by one firm for use in further processing by another firm.Intermediate goods are goods produced by one firm for use in further processing by another firm.

© 2002 Prentice Hall Business PublishingPrinciples of Economics, 6/eKarl Case, Ray Fair 最後財貨與勞務最後財貨與勞務項目，表示財貨與勞務的生產是用在最終用途。最後財貨與勞務項目，表示財貨與勞務的生產是用在最終用途。中間財是一家廠商所生產的財貨將被其他廠商應用在更進一步生產用途上用。中間財是一家廠商所生產的財貨將被其他廠商應用在更進一步生產用途上用。

© 2002 Prentice Hall Business PublishingPrinciples of Economics, 6/eKarl Case, Ray Fair Value Added (P.394) Value added is the difference between the value of goods as they leave a stage of production and the cost of the goods as they entered that stage.Value added is the difference between the value of goods as they leave a stage of production and the cost of the goods as they entered that stage. In calculating GDP, we can either sum up the value added at each stage of production, or we can take the value of final sales. We do not use the value of total sales in an economy to measure how much output has been produced. In calculating GDP, we can either sum up the value added at each stage of production, or we can take the value of final sales. We do not use the value of total sales in an economy to measure how much output has been produced.

© 2002 Prentice Hall Business PublishingPrinciples of Economics, 6/eKarl Case, Ray Fair Value Added (P.394) Value Added in the Production of a Gallon of Gasoline (Hypothetical Numbers) STAGE OF PRODUCTION VALUE OF SALES VALUE ADDED (1) Oil drilling $.50$.50 (2)Refining.65.15 (3)Shipping.80.15 (4) Retail sale 1.00.20 Total value added $1.00

© 2002 Prentice Hall Business PublishingPrinciples of Economics, 6/eKarl Case, Ray Fair Exclusions from GDP (P.394) GDP ignores all transactions in which money or goods change hands but in which no new goods and services are produced.GDP ignores all transactions in which money or goods change hands but in which no new goods and services are produced.

© 2002 Prentice Hall Business PublishingPrinciples of Economics, 6/eKarl Case, Ray Fair 不能算計在 GDP 內除非是新生產出來的財貨與勞務，否則，貨幣或財貨的換手交易不能算在 GDP 內。 ( 即二手貨交易不能算在 GDP 內 ) 除非是新生產出來的財貨與勞務，否則，貨幣或財貨的換手交易不能算在 GDP 內。 ( 即二手貨交易不能算在 GDP 內 )

© 2002 Prentice Hall Business PublishingPrinciples of Economics, 6/eKarl Case, Ray Fair GDP Versus GNP (P.395) GDP is the value of output produced by factors of production located within a country. Output produced by a country’s citizens, regardless of where the output is produced, is measured by gross national product (GNP).GDP is the value of output produced by factors of production located within a country. Output produced by a country’s citizens, regardless of where the output is produced, is measured by gross national product (GNP).

© 2002 Prentice Hall Business PublishingPrinciples of Economics, 6/eKarl Case, Ray Fair GDP 與 GNP GDP 是以一國國內生產要素所生產出產出量價值之總合來計算。國民生產毛額 (GNP) ，則是一國的國民不論其在國內或國外的生產總值GDP 是以一國國內生產要素所生產出產出量價值之總合來計算。國民生產毛額 (GNP) ，則是一國的國民不論其在國內或國外的生產總值

© 2002 Prentice Hall Business PublishingPrinciples of Economics, 6/eKarl Case, Ray Fair Calculating GDP (P.396) GDP can be computed in two ways: The expenditure approach: A method of computing GDP that measures the amount spent on all final goods during a given period.The expenditure approach: A method of computing GDP that measures the amount spent on all final goods during a given period. The income approach: A method of computing GDP that measures the income—wages, rents, interest, and profits—received by all factors of production in producing final goods.The income approach: A method of computing GDP that measures the income—wages, rents, interest, and profits—received by all factors of production in producing final goods.

© 2002 Prentice Hall Business PublishingPrinciples of Economics, 6/eKarl Case, Ray Fair 計算 GDP GDP 可以用兩種方法計算出來：GDP 可以用兩種方法計算出來：支出法：在一固定時間內，花費在所有最後財貨之支出來計算 GDP 的方法。支出法：在一固定時間內，花費在所有最後財貨之支出來計算 GDP 的方法。所得法：所有用來生產最後財貨的所有生產要素的報酬－－工資、地租、利息及利潤－－所得收入來計算 GDP 的方法所得法：所有用來生產最後財貨的所有生產要素的報酬－－工資、地租、利息及利潤－－所得收入來計算 GDP 的方法

© 2002 Prentice Hall Business PublishingPrinciples of Economics, 6/eKarl Case, Ray Fair The Expenditure Approach (P.396) Expenditure categories: Personal consumption expenditures (C)—household spending on consumer goods.Personal consumption expenditures (C)—household spending on consumer goods. Gross private domestic investment (I)—spending by firms and households on new capital: plant, equipment, inventory, and new residential structures.Gross private domestic investment (I)—spending by firms and households on new capital: plant, equipment, inventory, and new residential structures.

© 2002 Prentice Hall Business PublishingPrinciples of Economics, 6/eKarl Case, Ray Fair 支出法支出法的分類：支出法的分類：個人消費支出 (C) －－家庭在消費財上的支出。個人消費支出 (C) －－家庭在消費財上的支出。國內私人毛投資支出 (I) －－廠商與家庭在新資本上的支出：廠房、設備、存貨及新住家的建築。國內私人毛投資支出 (I) －－廠商與家庭在新資本上的支出：廠房、設備、存貨及新住家的建築。

© 2002 Prentice Hall Business PublishingPrinciples of Economics, 6/eKarl Case, Ray Fair The Expenditure Approach (P.396) Government consumption and gross investment (G)Government consumption and gross investment (G) Expenditure categories: Net exports (EX – IM)—net spending by the rest of the world, or exports (EX) minus imports (IM)Net exports (EX – IM)—net spending by the rest of the world, or exports (EX) minus imports (IM)

© 2002 Prentice Hall Business PublishingPrinciples of Economics, 6/eKarl Case, Ray Fair 支出法支出法的分類：支出法的分類：政府的毛投資與消費 (G) 。政府的毛投資與消費 (G) 。淨出口 (EX － IM) －－國外的淨支出或出口 (EX) 減進口 (IM) 。淨出口 (EX － IM) －－國外的淨支出或出口 (EX) 減進口 (IM) 。

© 2002 Prentice Hall Business PublishingPrinciples of Economics, 6/eKarl Case, Ray Fair The Expenditure Approach (P.396) The expenditure approach calculates GDP by adding together these four components of spending. In equation form:The expenditure approach calculates GDP by adding together these four components of spending. In equation form:

© 2002 Prentice Hall Business PublishingPrinciples of Economics, 6/eKarl Case, Ray Fair 支出法上列四項支出的加總，即得到以支出法來計算的 GDP 。上列四項支出的加總，即得到以支出法來計算的 GDP 。以方程式來表示：以方程式來表示： GDP ＝ C ＋ I ＋ G ＋ (X － M)GDP ＝ C ＋ I ＋ G ＋ (X － M)

© 2002 Prentice Hall Business PublishingPrinciples of Economics, 6/eKarl Case, Ray Fair Personal Consumption Expenditures (P.396) Personal consumption expenditures (C) are expenditures by consumers on the following:Personal consumption expenditures (C) are expenditures by consumers on the following: Durable goods: Goods that last a relatively long time, such as cars and household appliances. Durable goods: Goods that last a relatively long time, such as cars and household appliances. Nondurable goods: Goods that are used up fairly quickly, such as food and clothing. Nondurable goods: Goods that are used up fairly quickly, such as food and clothing. Services: The things that we buy that do not involve the production of physical things, such as legal and medical services and education. Services: The things that we buy that do not involve the production of physical things, such as legal and medical services and education.

© 2002 Prentice Hall Business PublishingPrinciples of Economics, 6/eKarl Case, Ray Fair 個人消費支出個人消費支出 (C) 是消費者的支出，其支出項目如下：個人消費支出 (C) 是消費者的支出，其支出項目如下：耐久財：使用很久的財貨，如：汽車、房屋的設備 … 等等。耐久財：使用很久的財貨，如：汽車、房屋的設備 … 等等。非耐久財：使用時間很短的財貨，如：食物、衣服 … 等等。非耐久財：使用時間很短的財貨，如：食物、衣服 … 等等。勞務：不具實體的財貨，如：法律與醫療的勞務、教育 … 等等。勞務：不具實體的財貨，如：法律與醫療的勞務、教育 … 等等。

© 2002 Prentice Hall Business PublishingPrinciples of Economics, 6/eKarl Case, Ray Fair Components of GDP, 1999: The Expenditure Approach (P.397) Components of GDP, 1999: The Expenditure Approach BILLIONS OF DOLLARS PERCENTAGE OF GDP Total gross domestic product 9,299.2100.0 Personal consumption expenditures (C) 6,268.767.4 Durable goods 761.38.2 Nondurable goods 1,845.519.8 Services3,661.939.4 Gross private domestic investment (l) 1,650.117.7 Nonresidential1,203.112.9 Residential403.84.3 Change in business inventories 43.30.5 Government consumption and gross investment (G) 1,634.417.6 Federal568.66.1 State and local 1,065.811.5 Net exports (EX – IM)  254.0  2.7 Exports (EX) 990.210.6 Imports (IM) 1,244.213.4 Note: Numbers may not add exactly because of rounding. Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis.

© 2002 Prentice Hall Business PublishingPrinciples of Economics, 6/eKarl Case, Ray Fair Gross Private Domestic Investment (P.397) Investment refers to the purchase of new capital.Investment refers to the purchase of new capital. Total investment by the private sector is called gross private domestic investment. It includes the purchase of new housing, plants, equipment, and inventory by the private (or non-government) sector.Total investment by the private sector is called gross private domestic investment. It includes the purchase of new housing, plants, equipment, and inventory by the private (or non-government) sector.

© 2002 Prentice Hall Business PublishingPrinciples of Economics, 6/eKarl Case, Ray Fair 國內私人毛投資投資表示新資本的購買投資表示新資本的購買私人部門的總投資稱之國內私人毛投資。它包括私人 ( 或非政府 ) 部門對新房屋、廠房、設備及存貨的購買。私人部門的總投資稱之國內私人毛投資。它包括私人 ( 或非政府 ) 部門對新房屋、廠房、設備及存貨的購買。

© 2002 Prentice Hall Business PublishingPrinciples of Economics, 6/eKarl Case, Ray Fair Gross Private Domestic Investment (P.397) Nonresidential investment includes expenditures by firms for machines, tools, plants, and so on.Nonresidential investment includes expenditures by firms for machines, tools, plants, and so on. Residential investment includes expenditures by households and firms on new houses and apartment buildings.Residential investment includes expenditures by households and firms on new houses and apartment buildings. Change in inventories computes the amount by which firms’ inventories change during a given period. Inventories are the goods that firms produce now but intend to sell later.Change in inventories computes the amount by which firms’ inventories change during a given period. Inventories are the goods that firms produce now but intend to sell later.

© 2002 Prentice Hall Business PublishingPrinciples of Economics, 6/eKarl Case, Ray Fair 國內私人毛投資非住宅的投資包括廠商對機器、工具、廠房等等的投資。非住宅的投資包括廠商對機器、工具、廠房等等的投資。住宅的投資包括家庭與廠商在新房舍與公寓建築上的支出。住宅的投資包括家庭與廠商在新房舍與公寓建築上的支出。存貨的變動為廠商存貨在某一段固定時間內的改變。存貨是廠商現在所生產的財貨而將在未來銷售。存貨的變動為廠商存貨在某一段固定時間內的改變。存貨是廠商現在所生產的財貨而將在未來銷售。

© 2002 Prentice Hall Business PublishingPrinciples of Economics, 6/eKarl Case, Ray Fair 毛投資與淨投資毛投資是在一段時間內所有新生產的資本財 ( 廠房、設備、房舍及存貨 ) 之總值。毛投資是在一段時間內所有新生產的資本財 ( 廠房、設備、房舍及存貨 ) 之總值。折舊是在一段時間內資產價值下降的金額。折舊是在一段時間內資產價值下降的金額。淨投資等於毛投資減折舊。淨投資等於毛投資減折舊。

© 2002 Prentice Hall Business PublishingPrinciples of Economics, 6/eKarl Case, Ray Fair Government Consumption and Gross Investment (P.400) Government consumption and gross investment (G) counts expenditures by federal, state, and local governments for final goods and services.Government consumption and gross investment (G) counts expenditures by federal, state, and local governments for final goods and services.

© 2002 Prentice Hall Business PublishingPrinciples of Economics, 6/eKarl Case, Ray Fair Net Exports (P.400) Net exports (EX – IM) is the difference between exports (sales to foreigners of U.S.-produced goods and services) and imports (U.S. purchases of goods and services from abroad). The figure can be positive or negative.Net exports (EX – IM) is the difference between exports (sales to foreigners of U.S.-produced goods and services) and imports (U.S. purchases of goods and services from abroad). The figure can be positive or negative.

© 2002 Prentice Hall Business PublishingPrinciples of Economics, 6/eKarl Case, Ray Fair 淨出口淨出口 (EX － IM) 是出口 ( 我國生產的財貨與勞務賣給外國 ) 與進口 ( 我國購賣外國生產的財貨與勞務 ) 的差額。淨出口 (EX － IM) 是出口 ( 我國生產的財貨與勞務賣給外國 ) 與進口 ( 我國購賣外國生產的財貨與勞務 ) 的差額。

© 2002 Prentice Hall Business PublishingPrinciples of Economics, 6/eKarl Case, Ray Fair The Income Approach (P.400) National income is the total income earned by the factors of production owned by a country’s citizens. The income approach to GDP breaks down GDP into four components:The income approach to GDP breaks down GDP into four components: GDP = national income + depreciation + (indirect taxes – subsidies) + net factor payments to the rest of the world + other

© 2002 Prentice Hall Business PublishingPrinciples of Economics, 6/eKarl Case, Ray Fair 所得法國民所得是一國人民所擁有的生產要素參與生產活動後所賺取的所得。國民所得是一國人民所擁有的生產要素參與生產活動後所賺取的所得。計算 GDP 的所得法可以分成四個部份：計算 GDP 的所得法可以分成四個部份： GDP ＝國民所得＋折舊＋ ( 間接稅－補貼 ) ＋國外淨要素支付＋其他GDP ＝國民所得＋折舊＋ ( 間接稅－補貼 ) ＋國外淨要素支付＋其他

© 2002 Prentice Hall Business PublishingPrinciples of Economics, 6/eKarl Case, Ray Fair The Income Approach (P.401) Components of GDP, 1999: The Income Approach BILLIONS OF DOLLARS PERCENTAGE OF GDP Gross domestic product 9,299.2100.0 National income 7,469.780.3 Compensation of employees 5,299.857.0 Proprietors’ income 663.57.1 Corporate profits 856.09.2 Net interest 507.15.5 Rental income 143.41.5 Depreciation1,161.012.5 Indirect taxes minus subsidies 689.77.4 Net factor payments to the rest of the world 11.00.1 Other  32.2  0.3 Source: See Table 17.2.

© 2002 Prentice Hall Business PublishingPrinciples of Economics, 6/eKarl Case, Ray Fair From GDP to Disposable Income (P.402) GDP, GNP, NNP, National Income, Personal Income, and Disposable Personal Income, 1999 DOLLARS (BILLIONS) GDP9,299.2 Plus: receipts of factor income from the rest of the world + 305.9 Less: payments of factor income to the rest of the world  316.9 Equals: GNP 9,288.2 Less: depreciation  1,161.0 Equals: net national product (NNP) 8,127.1 Less: indirect taxes minus subsidies plus other  675.5 Equals: national income 7,469.7 Less: corporate profits minus dividends  485.7 Less: social insurance payments  662.1 Plus: personal interest income received from the government and consumers + 456.6 Plus: transfer payments to persons +1,011.0 Equals: personal income 7,789.6 Less: personal taxes  1,152.0 Equals: disposable personal income 6,637.7 Source: See Table 17.2.

© 2002 Prentice Hall Business PublishingPrinciples of Economics, 6/eKarl Case, Ray Fair From GDP to Disposable Income (P.403) Net national product equals gross national product minus depreciation; a nation’s total product minus what is required to maintain the value of its capital stock.Net national product equals gross national product minus depreciation; a nation’s total product minus what is required to maintain the value of its capital stock.

© 2002 Prentice Hall Business PublishingPrinciples of Economics, 6/eKarl Case, Ray Fair From GDP to Disposable Income (P.403) Personal income is the total income of households. Equals (national income) minus (corporate profits minus dividends) minus (social insurance payments) plus (interest income received from the government and households).Personal income is the total income of households. Equals (national income) minus (corporate profits minus dividends) minus (social insurance payments) plus (interest income received from the government and households). Personal income is the income received by households after paying social insurance taxes but before paying personal income taxes.Personal income is the income received by households after paying social insurance taxes but before paying personal income taxes.

© 2002 Prentice Hall Business PublishingPrinciples of Economics, 6/eKarl Case, Ray Fair 從 GDP 到可之用所得個人所得是家庭的總所得。等於 ( 國民所得 ) 減 ( 公司利潤減紅利 ) 減 ( 社會保險給付 ) 加 ( 政府與家庭的利息所得收益 ) 。個人所得是家庭的總所得。等於 ( 國民所得 ) 減 ( 公司利潤減紅利 ) 減 ( 社會保險給付 ) 加 ( 政府與家庭的利息所得收益 ) 。個人所得是在支付社會保險稅之後但卻是在支付個人所得稅前的所得入。個人所得是在支付社會保險稅之後但卻是在支付個人所得稅前的所得入。

© 2002 Prentice Hall Business PublishingPrinciples of Economics, 6/eKarl Case, Ray Fair Disposable Personal Income and Personal Saving (P.404) Disposable Personal Income and Personal Saving, 1999 DOLLARS (BILLIONS) Disposable personal income 6,637.7 Less: Personal consumption expenditures  6,268.7 Interest paid by consumers to business  194.8 Personal transfer payments to foreigners  26.6 Equals: personal saving 147.6 Personal savings as a percentage of disposable personal income: 2.2% Source: See Table 17.2.

© 2002 Prentice Hall Business PublishingPrinciples of Economics, 6/eKarl Case, Ray Fair Disposable Personal Income and Personal Saving (P.403) The personal saving rate is the percentage of disposable personal income that is saved. If the personal saving rate is low, households are spending a large amount relative to their incomes; if it is high, households are spending cautiously.The personal saving rate is the percentage of disposable personal income that is saved. If the personal saving rate is low, households are spending a large amount relative to their incomes; if it is high, households are spending cautiously.

© 2002 Prentice Hall Business PublishingPrinciples of Economics, 6/eKarl Case, Ray Fair Nominal versus Real GDP (P.404) Nominal GDP is GDP measured in current dollars, or the current prices we pay for things. Nominal GDP includes all the components of GDP valued at their current prices.Nominal GDP is GDP measured in current dollars, or the current prices we pay for things. Nominal GDP includes all the components of GDP valued at their current prices. When a variable is measured in current dollars, it is described in nominal terms.When a variable is measured in current dollars, it is described in nominal terms.

© 2002 Prentice Hall Business PublishingPrinciples of Economics, 6/eKarl Case, Ray Fair 名目 GDP 與真實 GDP 名目 GDP 是 GDP 以當期貨幣來衡量，或我們以當時的價格來支付財貨。名目 GDP 是以當時價格來計算的 GDP 價值。名目 GDP 是 GDP 以當期貨幣來衡量，或我們以當時的價格來支付財貨。名目 GDP 是以當時價格來計算的 GDP 價值。當一個變數以當其貨幣來衡量他可以用名目項目來說明當一個變數以當其貨幣來衡量他可以用名目項目來說明

© 2002 Prentice Hall Business PublishingPrinciples of Economics, 6/eKarl Case, Ray Fair Calculating Real GDP (P.404) A weight is the importance attached to an item within a group of items.A weight is the importance attached to an item within a group of items. A base year is the year chosen for the weights in a fixed-weight procedure.A base year is the year chosen for the weights in a fixed-weight procedure. A fixed-weight procedure uses weights from a given base year.A fixed-weight procedure uses weights from a given base year.

© 2002 Prentice Hall Business PublishingPrinciples of Economics, 6/eKarl Case, Ray Fair Calculating Real GDP (P.405) A Three-Good Economy (1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8) GDP IN YEAR 1 YEAR 2 YEAR 1 YEAR 2 ININININ PRODUCTION PRICE PER UNIT YEAR 1 YEAR 2 YEAR 1 YEAR 2 YEAR 1 YEAR 2 PRICESPRICESPRICESPRICES Q1Q1Q1Q1 Q2Q2Q2Q2 P1P1P1P1 P2P2P2P2 P 1 x Q 1 P 1 x Q 2 P 2 x Q 1 P 2 X Q 2 Good A 611$.50 $.40 $3.00$5.50$2.40$4.40 Good B 74.301.002.101.207.004.00 Good C 1012.70.907.008.409.0010.80 Total$12.10$15.10$18.40$19.20 Nominal GDP in year 1 Nominal GDP in year 2

© 2002 Prentice Hall Business PublishingPrinciples of Economics, 6/eKarl Case, Ray Fair Calculating the GDP Price Index (P.406) The GDP price index is one measure of the overall price level.The GDP price index is one measure of the overall price level. The old procedure used by the Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA) to estimate changes in the overall price level used the quantities produced in a chosen year (the base year) as weights. But overall price increases are sensitive to the choice of the base year. The new procedure, known as the chained price index, avoids the problems associated with the use of fixed weights.The old procedure used by the Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA) to estimate changes in the overall price level used the quantities produced in a chosen year (the base year) as weights. But overall price increases are sensitive to the choice of the base year. The new procedure, known as the chained price index, avoids the problems associated with the use of fixed weights.

© 2002 Prentice Hall Business PublishingPrinciples of Economics, 6/eKarl Case, Ray Fair The Problems of Fixed Weights (P.406) 1.Structural changes in the economy. 2.Supply shifts, which cause large decreases in price and large increases in quantity supplied. 3.The substitution effect of price increases. The use of fixed price weights to estimate real GDP leads to problems because it ignores:

© 2002 Prentice Hall Business PublishingPrinciples of Economics, 6/eKarl Case, Ray Fair 固定加權的問題使用固定物價權數來推估真實 GDP 會引起一些問題，因為它忽略：使用固定物價權數來推估真實 GDP 會引起一些問題，因為它忽略： 1. 經濟體系結構的改變。1. 經濟體系結構的改變。 2. 供給的移動，會引起價格大幅下降及供給量大幅增加。2. 供給的移動，會引起價格大幅下降及供給量大幅增加。 3. 價格上升的替代效果。3. 價格上升的替代效果。

© 2002 Prentice Hall Business PublishingPrinciples of Economics, 6/eKarl Case, Ray Fair GDP 概念的限制當犯罪事件下降，社會會變的好些。但是犯罪的下降並不能反映在 GDP 上。當犯罪事件下降，社會會變的好些。但是犯罪的下降並不能反映在 GDP 上。休閒時間的增加，顯示社會的福利提高，可是卻無法計入 GDP 中。休閒時間的增加，顯示社會的福利提高，可是卻無法計入 GDP 中。一些非市場經濟活動，雖然它們也是有實質生產，但卻無法計入 GDP 中。一些非市場經濟活動，雖然它們也是有實質生產，但卻無法計入 GDP 中。

© 2002 Prentice Hall Business PublishingPrinciples of Economics, 6/eKarl Case, Ray Fair Limitations of the GDP Concept (P.407) GDP accounting rules do not adjust for production that pollutes the environment.GDP accounting rules do not adjust for production that pollutes the environment. GDP has nothing to say about the distribution of output. Redistributive income policies have no direct impact on GDP.GDP has nothing to say about the distribution of output. Redistributive income policies have no direct impact on GDP. GDP is neutral to the kinds of goods an economy produces.GDP is neutral to the kinds of goods an economy produces.

© 2002 Prentice Hall Business PublishingPrinciples of Economics, 6/eKarl Case, Ray Fair GDP 概念的限制生產所造成的環境污染無法從 GDP 計算中扣除。生產所造成的環境污染無法從 GDP 計算中扣除。 GDP 中也無法看出產出量的分配狀況。所得重分配政策對 GDP 無直接的衝擊。GDP 中也無法看出產出量的分配狀況。所得重分配政策對 GDP 無直接的衝擊。一個經濟體系中所生產的財貨種類，也無法從 GDP 中顯示出來。一個經濟體系中所生產的財貨種類，也無法從 GDP 中顯示出來。

© 2002 Prentice Hall Business PublishingPrinciples of Economics, 6/eKarl Case, Ray Fair The Underground Economy (P.408) The underground economy is the part of an economy in which transactions take place and in which income is generated that is unreported and therefore not counted in GDP.The underground economy is the part of an economy in which transactions take place and in which income is generated that is unreported and therefore not counted in GDP.

© 2002 Prentice Hall Business PublishingPrinciples of Economics, 6/eKarl Case, Ray Fair Per Capita GDP/GNP (P.409) Per capita GDP or GNP measures a country’s GDP or GNP divided by its population.Per capita GDP or GNP measures a country’s GDP or GNP divided by its population. Per capita GDP is a better measure of well-being for the average person that its total GDP or GNP.Per capita GDP is a better measure of well-being for the average person that its total GDP or GNP.

© 2002 Prentice Hall Business PublishingPrinciples of Economics, 6/eKarl Case, Ray Fair 平均每人 GDP 或 GNP 平均每人 GDP 或 GNP 是一國的總 GDP 或 GNP 被該國的人口數來除。平均每人 GDP 或 GNP 是一國的總 GDP 或 GNP 被該國的人口數來除。對個人而言，平均每人 GDP 的估計要比總 GDP 或 GNP 來得好。對個人而言，平均每人 GDP 的估計要比總 GDP 或 GNP 來得好。

© 2002 Prentice Hall Business PublishingPrinciples of Economics, 6/eKarl Case, Ray Fair Per Capita GDP/GNP (P.409) Per Capita GNP for Selected Countries, 1998 COUNTRY U.S. DOLLARS COUNTRY Switzerland40,080Portugal10,690 Norway34,330Argentina8,970 Denmark33,260 South Korea 7,970 Japan32,380 Czech Republic 5,040 United States 29,340Brazil4,570 Austria26,850Mexico3,970 Germany25,850Turkey3,160 Sweden25,620 South Africa 2,880 Belgium25,380Colombia2,600 France24,940Jordan1,520 Netherlands24,760Romania1,390 Finland24,110Philippines1,050 United Kingdom 21,400China750 Australia20,300Indonesia680 Italy20,250Pakistan480 Canada20,020India430 Ireland18,340Rwanda230 Israel15,940Nepal210 Spain14,080Ethiopia100 Greece11,650 Source: The World Bank Atlas, 2000.

© 2002 Prentice Hall Business PublishingPrinciples of Economics, 6/eKarl Case, Ray Fair 17 Prepared by: Fernando Quijano and Yvonn Quijano Measuring National.

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© 2002 Prentice Hall Business PublishingPrinciples of Economics, 6/eKarl Case, Ray Fair 17 Prepared by: Fernando Quijano and Yvonn Quijano Measuring National.

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