1. Chapter 1.1 Notes
Definition and Scope

2. Objectives Define and distinguish forensic science and criminalistics.
Recognize the major contributors to the development of forensic science.
Account for the rapid growth of forensic laboratories in the past forty years.

3. Forensic science
Applies the knowledge and technology of science to criminal and civil laws that are enforced by the police agencies in the criminal justice system
Criminalistics – a term sometimes used for describing the services of a crime lab

4. Civil law deals with relationships between individuals (property, contracts)
Criminal law deals with offenses against an individual that are deemed offensive to society

5. History of Forensic Science
3rd century China – earliest records
Coroner solved murder case
1814 – Mathieu Orfilia – father of forensic toxicology
Published 1st treatise on detection of poison
Established forensics toxicology as legitimate science
1839 – Henri-Louis Bayard – 1st procedures for microscopic detection of sperm
1839 – James Marsh – first expert testimony in a trial

6. 1879 – Alphonse Bertillon – 1st system of personal identification
Anthropometry –series of body measurements as a means of distinguishing individuals
1892 – Francis Galton – published book supporting uniqueness of fingerprints
1893 – Hans Gross – advocated the application of science to criminal investigation
1887 – Sir Arthur Conan Doyle’s Sherlock Holmes – important forensics concepts, such as serology

7. 1901 – Karl Landsteiner – discovered blood types
1915 – Leone Lattes – devised procedure for determining blood group from dried bloodstain
1910 – Albert Osborn – development principles of document examination
1910 – Edmond Locard – exchange principle

8. Locard’s Exchange
when two objects come into contact with each other, a cross-transfer of materials occurs

9. 1925 – Calvin Goddard – used a comparison between bullets test fired and suspect’s gun
1960s – Walter McCrone – application of microscopic techniques
1985 – Sir Alec Jeffreys – 1st DNA profiling test

10. Crime Labs
1923 – Los Angeles Police Department established 1st crime lab
1932 – National Laboratory organized by FBI to provide forensic services to all law enforcement agencies in the country.
Now the world’s largest forensic lab
Performs >1 million exams a year

11. In-Class Assignment/Homework
Read pages 1-7
1.1 Review Questions – answer the following questions on your own sheet of paper using today’s notes and the textbook