1. Unit 8
Important Empires II

2. I. Map

4. II. Tokugawa Shogunate (Empire)
Effects of Geography:
Island location:
Japan – 4 main islands and thousands of smaller islands
Difficult to unite
Isolated from other cultures
Homogenous: everyone on the culture is similar to one another. The culture of Japan developed sepertely and independently from other cultures.

5. II. Tokugawa Shogunate (Empire)
Mountains:
Little good Land Available for Farming
Very dependent on the sea for transportation and food
Earthquakes and Volcanoes:
Could easily destroy the islands
Unstable environment taught the people a high respect for nature (often used in their art)

6. II. Tokugawa Shogunate (Empire)
Feudalism
Feudal Society
Shogun: Military Commander with the real power
(emperor was symbolic leader)
Gave land to others (i.e. samurai)

7. II. Tokugawa Shogunate (Empire)
Feudalism
Feudal Society
Samurai: “Those who serve”; warriors
Given land to protect others
Bushido: “The Way of the Warrior” – code of conduct for samurai (European – Chivalry)
Loyal
Brave
Honorable

8. II. Tokugawa Shogunate (Empire)
Strong Family that ruled for almost 300 years
Brought stability and unity to Japan under the Tokugawa family of shoguns
Culture bloomed during their reign

9. II. Tokugawa Shogunate (Empire)
Policy of Isolationism:
The Tokugawa isolated Japan from the rest of the world by CHOICE!
Separated from other cultures (No Foreigners in; No Japanese out)

10. III. Mongol Empire
Origins: Nomadic People from the Grasslands of Central Asia
Built the largest unified empire
Took China then moved westward

11. III. Mongol Empire Genghis Khan Khan = “World Emperor”
1200 A.D – unified all Mongols under his rule
Known for spreading terror and destruction

12. III. Mongol Empire Kublai Khan Grandson of Ghenghis Khan
Centered in China but spread the empire to the Middle East – stable and peaceful
When he dies the empire fell apart

13. III. Mongol Empire Russia The Mongols ruled Russia for 250 years
Long Term Impact
The Mongols showed Russians how to have an absolute government
Isolated Russia from Western Europe (No Renaissance ideas)

14. III. Mongol Empire Marco Polo & Ibn Battuta
Marco Polo – European Traveler to China
His writings sparked interest in Europe for Chises goods
Ibn Battuta – an African Muslim, traveled extensively throughout the Middle East and China
His writings are useful today as an historical resources.

15. V. West African Empires Sahara Trade Route
Beginning between 800 —1000 A.D., Muslim traders in caravans created trade routes across the Sahara Desert
Ghana, Mali, Songhai

24. V. West African Empires
Arab Traders: Arabia was a great location for trade - Silk road to China
- Sea route to India and the Spice Islands
- Mediterranean Sea to Europe
- Caravan routes across the Sahara Desert

25. V. West African Empires Products Traded: (In Africa)
- Muslims brought salt to Africans in exchange for gold
“A block of salt was worth its weight in gold”
Also:
- Ivory, lumber, tin and other resources - Slaves

27. V. West African Empires
Arab Cultural Contributions: Arabs introduced other cultural things:
- Islam
- Technology (math, science, medicine)

28. V. West African Empires Traditional African Social Identities
Extended Family:
- More than the nuclear family (mom, dad, kids)
- Grandparents or other relatives living in the home
Clan:
A group of related extended families who descended from a common ancestor
Tribe:
A group of related clans

29. V. West African Empires Mansa Musa:
- Powerful King of the Empire of Mali
- Converted to Islam, which facilitated cultural diffusion

30. V. West African Empires Oral Tradition:
- Passing down customs, traditions and culture through story telling for education and entertainment
- How the history of African cultures is passed to future generations

32. The Lost City

34. ANDES MOUNAINS (ANDY’S)
Latin America (5pts)
LAND BRIDGE
MEXICO
RAIN FORESTS
ANDES MOUNAINS (ANDY’S)
MAYA (MY –A)
AZTEC
INCA (INK – A)

36. Foods from MesoAmerica (5pts)
TOMATOES
BEANS
CHOCOLATE
MAIZE (MAZE)
SQUASH
POTATOES
VANILLA

38. GULF COAST STONE HEADS GRINNING JAGUAR SERPENTS PRIESTLY LEADERSHIP
THE OLMEC (10 pts)
GULF COAST
STONE HEADS
GRINNING JAGUAR
SERPENTS
PRIESTLY LEADERSHIP
TEMPLES
TRADE

42. YUCATAN (YOU –KA-TAN) FARMING TIKAL (TEA-CALL) HIEROGLYPOHICS CALENDAR
THE MAYA (10 Points)
YUCATAN (YOU –KA-TAN)
FARMING
TIKAL (TEA-CALL)
HIEROGLYPOHICS
CALENDAR
ZERO
LOST CITIES

47. VALLEY OF MEXICO FLOATING GARDENS TRIBUTE EMPIRE SUN GOD
THE AZTEC (10 points)
VALLEY OF MEXICO
FLOATING GARDENS
TRIBUTE EMPIRE
SUN GOD
HUMAN SACRIFICE
BALL GAMES
WARFARE

52. PERU ROADS METALWORKING BRAIN SURGURY TERRACE FARMING POLYTHEISTIC
THE INCA (15 points)
PERU
ROADS
METALWORKING
BRAIN SURGURY
TERRACE FARMING
POLYTHEISTIC
GOVERNMENT CONTROL

56. VI. Empires of MesoAmerica
Meso-America: "Middle America"
Maya:
• Yucatan Peninsula of Mexico
• Peaceful farmers
Aztec:
• Central Mexico • Fierce warriors
Inca:
• Mountains of Peru
• Highly organized government

59. Toltecs: warlike Mesoamerican group which controlled central Mexico from 900-1200 A.D.

60. Mayas: Mesoamerica society of 300-900 A. D
Mayas: Mesoamerica society of A.D. City-state empire based in Yucatan Peninsula. Reason for decline unknown
El Castillo

61. The Shadow of the Serpent

62. Tikal: Capital city of the Mayan Empire.
Tikal was home to the tallest buildings in the Americas till feet tall.

65. Aztec: Mesoamerican society which flourished from 1250-1500 A. D
Aztec: Mesoamerican society which flourished from A.D. By 1500 had a population of 30 million people established a tribute system to gain wealth

66. Tenochtitlan: Capital City of the Aztec. now called Mexico City

67. “Floating Gardens”

68. Aztec foods chocolate, vanilla, corn, chilies (peppers), peanuts, tomatoes, avocados, squash, beans, potatoes, sweet potatoes, pineapple and papaya.

70. Huitzilpochtli

71. Quetzalcoatl: “The Plumed Serpent”, God of the Air to the Aztec
Quetzalcoatl: “The Plumed Serpent”, God of the Air to the Aztec. The legend of this deity will eventually haunt the Aztec

72. Montezuma: Aztec ruler who believed Hernan Cortez to be Quetzalcoatl.
"The divine drink, which builds up resistance and fights fatigue. A cup of this precious drink [cocoa] permits a man to walk for a whole day without food." Montezuma II ( )

73. Incas: People of South America who ruled the Andes Mountain region from 1200-early 1500.

74. Machu Picchu:
Incan city built 7000 ft above sea level which was abandoned for 300 yrs before it was rediscovered.

76. Quipu: a collection of knotted colored strings which the Incas used as a system of keeping records such as population.

77. ayllus: Incan communities
                               

80. VI. Empires of MesoAmerica
Their Significance: More advanced than other "American" cultures of their time Advanced developments: • Architecture — great temples and cities • Agriculture — able to support large city populations • Science — Math — used zero — Medicine — performed surgery — Astronomy — 365 1/4 day calendar — Engineering — over 12, 000 miles of roads

81. VII. Ottoman Empire Origin: • Out of central Turkey
• Turkish Muslims (not Arab Muslims)
Fall of Constantinople:
• Changed the name to Istanbul
• Became a "Muslim" capital of the Ottoman Empire

82. VII. Ottoman Empire
Suleiman I: "Suleiman the Magnificent" rules during the golden age of the empire ( ) • Added much territory to the empire Impact on European trade: The Ottomans dominated trade around the Mediterranean Sea forcing Europeans to find others routes to Asia

83. VIII. Essential Questions
How did Japan's geographic location relate to its policy of isolationism?
Japan's island location led to natural isolation from other cultures • Isolationism — later they chose to remain isolated

84. VIII. Essential Questions
2. What are the similarities and differences between Japanese and European Feudalism?
Similarities
— Owe allegiance to one above you
— Warriors (chivalry, bushido — code of honor)
— Strict social classes
— Land based system
Differences
— Status of women
— Where the real power was (king, shogun-emperor had no power)
— Position of merchants

85. VIII. Essential Questions
3. How did the Ottoman Empire's geographical location interfere with European trade with the Eastern cultures?
— Ottoman empire blocked trade with Asia
— Europeans were forced to find their own new all-water routes to get to Asia

86. VIII. Essential Questions
Why were the Maya, Aztec and Inca considered to be advanced civilizations?
— Medicine
— Astronomy
— Architecture
— Engineering
Intellectual developments were far more advanced than other Native American cultures