1. Enlightenment and its Thinkers

2. I. THEORIES OF GOVERNMENT

3. A. Evolutionary Theory: The idea of government evolves over time from the begins of a small families need for leadership. The small family becomes a small village, than a small town, ect….

4. B. Divine Right Theory: God created government with a vision. Chosen followers believed God wanted them to organize and lead people and thus government was formed.

5. C. Force Theory: Government is established through attacks on villages. Villages form governments to organize protective measures and conquer lands of their own.

6. D. Social Contract Theory: The idea that without government chaos would overwhelm nations. A world without order is a world in need of government

7. II. ENLIGHTENMENT

8. The Enlightenment Educated people throughout Europe, beyond, inspired Held notion that world problems could be solved (Scientific Rev.) New ideas debated in coffeehouses, public spaces Writers published ideas in books, magazines, pamphlets -

9. The Enlightenment During the Enlightenment, Europeans began to believe that reason was a better guide than faith or tradition. Political Thinkers applied reason and scientific ideas to government. Natural Law-Laws that were applied to everyone and could be understood by reason.

10. III. GOVERNMENTAL PHILOSOPHERS

12. A. Jean Rousseau - Most controversial philosopher during Enlightenment. - Believed that people were inherently good people and could make good choices and decisions. - Wrote Social Contract - Idea people form a community and will make a contract with one another

13. A. Jean Rousseau - Believed that people will give up their freedoms to benefit the majority. - Putting the community over the individual (ONLY THINKER) - People vote on decisions and live by those decisions.

15. B. John Locke - Famous for the idea of Natural Rights - Natural Rights: Everyone can defend their Life, Health, and Possessions - Government for the people by the people

16. B. John Locke - Governments are established to defend their Natural Rights - Wrote Two Treaties of Government - Believed best government had limited power over the people

18. C. Thomas Hobbes - Believes in the idea State of Nature - Idea people should confirm with a government because the alternative is a violent death all man should fear

19. C. Thomas Hobbes - Wrote the Leviathan : Said people are natural cruel and selfish. - If they are not controlled they will fight, rob, and oppress. - Believed in a powerful government

21. D. Baron de Montesquieu - Wrote the Spirit of the Laws - Highly against the idea of a monarchy, and absolute power. - Instead believed in separation of powers. And a system of checks and balances.

22. D. Baron de Montesquieu - First real idea of multiple governments (Democracy, Monarchy, Autocracy) - Creator of the idea of a branches of government and checks and balance system - Executive, Legislative and Judicial Branches with-in a government

24. E. Voltaire Is known as the greatest thinker of the Enlightenment. He was known for his strong dislike of the Catholic Church. He blamed the church for keeping knowledge from the people to maintain their power.

25. E. Voltaire Voltaire targeted corrupt officials and said government is the down fall of the world. Detested the slave trade and deplored religious prejudice Wanted to end Bigotry and Tyranny He saw his books censored and burned Wrote Manner and Spirit of Nations

26. III. WOMEN & the ENLIGHTENMENT

27. A. Women The Enlightenment raised questions about the role of women in society. In the 1700s, women thinkers began to call for women’s rights. English writer, Mary Wollstonecraft is considered the founder of the modern movement for women’s rights. She claimed that all humans have reason, because women have reason, they should have the same rights as men. Women should have equal rights in education, workplace, and politics.

29. B. Mary Wollstonecraft She claimed that all humans have reason, because women have reason, they should have the same rights as men. Women should have equal rights in education, workplace, and politics. She wrote A Vindication of the Rights of Women. Believed women should be good mother first but also offered so much more. No natural rights were given to women.

30. IV. TYPES OF GOVERNMENT

31. Type of Government Who Rules Government How they get Power Where can find DemocracyPeopleElectionsUnited States Autocracy1 LeaderVarious wasVarious Nations Dictatorship1Leader Usually a military totalitarian leader Through force generally through military force Cuba Monarchy1Leader King or Queen Passed on with-in a certain family Saudi Arabia Constitutional Monarchy 1 Leader (King/Queen) With a legislative power Political Party is voted into office than leaders are chosen England OligarchyA group of PeopleThrough False elections (the wealthy or military powerful) South Africa