1. Factors Affecting Health and Disease

2. Types of Diseases Non-communicable Diseases: cannnot be transmitted from one person to another. –Examples: Genetic Diseases such as diabetes, sickle cell Communicable Diseases: can be spread from one person to another –Examples: diseases caused by parasites such as a cold or strep throat

3. Parasites Parasite: a microorganism that lives on or in another organism and feeds off it ParasiteDiseaseSpread By: Typanosoma brucel Sleeping Sickness Tsetse fly Plasmodium vivax MalariaMosquito Ascaris lumbricoides RoundwormWorms

4. Toxins Toxin: poisonous substance that can cause diseases Examples of Toxins –Botulism: made by bacteria, can cause death, can be destroyed if food is heated to 80 C –Mycotoxin: made by fungi, liver damage, mutations, immune system damage –Ricin: made by bean plant, abdominal pain, vomiting, low blood pressure, death

5. Immune Responses Immune System: responsible for protecting the body from pathogens Lines of Defense in the Immune System –1 st : skin –2 nd : white blood cells, macrophages –3 rd : body attacks specific pathogens using T cells and B cells –Draw picture of 3 rd Line of Defense

6. Nutrition Nutrition: maintaining health and preventing diseases Nutrients: substances the body needs to obtain energy Basic Nutrients: carbohydrates, fats, proteins, vitamins, and minerals

7. Vitamin: substance that is essential to the body in small amounts, required for normal growth VitaminSourcesFunction ADairy, eggs, fruitsskin, bones, teeth, hair DDairy, eggs, sunBones, teeth, EGreen veggies, whole grain Red blood cells KLeafy veggies, milk, liverHelps blood clot B1Whole grain, pork, liver, nuts Break down carbs B2Dairy, eggs, whole grain, leafy veggie Normal growth B12Meats, fish, poultry, dairyNervous system, red blood cells CFruits, tomatoesConnective tissue, fight infection

8. Minerals: nutrients not made by living things; obtained through eating plants or animals that have absorbed the minerals MineralSourcesFunction CalciumDairy, leafy veggiesBones, teeth, clotting IodineSeafood, saltRelease of energy IronRed meats, seafood, leafy veggies Red blood cell PhosphorusMeat, poultry, eggs, fish Bones, teeth, release of energy PotassiumFruits, veggies, grains, fish Protein synthesis, muscle, normal growth

9. I. Immunity A.Defending the body against antigens. B.Antigen—foreign substance; example: virus, bacteria, glass, wood

10. II. Immune System A.Skin & Mucus: keeps antigens out of the body B.Lymphatic System: produces white blood cells and antibodies 1. White blood cells: two types-T cells and B cells 2. Antibody—protein that disables antigens 3. B cells—makes antibodies 4. T cells—helps make antibodies, kills infected cells 5. Memory B cells—used if attacked again by same antigen -Draw Fig 39.12 p 1069

11. III. Passive Immunity A.Antibodies are not produced in the person using them B.Two ways to get passive immunity: 1.Antibodies move from mother to child through placenta 2.Injecting the body with antibodies made from an animal or other human

12. IV. Active Immunity A.Antibodies produced when person is exposed to antigen B.Can be induced by a vaccine—a weakened or dead antigen injected into a healthy person. C.Edward Jenner made the first vaccine D.Not all antigens can be vaccinated for