1. Exploring Transportation

2. Where it started

3. http://chuckmanchicagonostalgia.wordpress.com/2012/11/25/photo-chicago-train-chicago-st-paul-minneapolis-and- omaha-railroad-steam-engine-93-and-crew-early/photo-chicago-train-chicago-st-paul-minneapolis-and-omaha- railroad-steam-engine-93-and-crew-early/ Steam Engines http://vulpeslibris.wordpress.com/2010/07/02/riverboat-the-evolution-of-a- television-series-and-the-steamboat-era-both-by-s-l-kotar-and-j-e-gessler/

4. And finally, modern technology

5. Internal Combustion Engine  Nikolaus August Otto, patent 1876  Part of nearly all private passenger vehicles  Plentiful petroleum led to use of gasoline in the engine  Fuel mixed with air then injected  Uses electric spark for explosion  250+ million cars now registered in U.S.

6. Diesel Engine  Rudolph Diesel, invented 1878  Another form of internal combustion engine  Direct fuel injection  No spark plug  Fuel ignites at its flash point  More efficient than gasoline engines of day

7. Current IC Engines  Thermal efficiency (26-34%)  Mechanical efficiency (94%)  Overall efficiency (20%)  Emissions Particulate matter NO x Sulfur oxides Carbon monoxide Carbon dioxide

8. Alternatives to Petroleum-based Fuels  Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) Cleaner, does not emit nitrogen and sulfur oxides, or all the particulate matter Still releases carbon dioxide  Hydrogen fuel cells (used at Vancouver Olympics) Only emission is water vapor Lots of energy required to generate hydrogen Lack of infrastructure Currently prohibitively expensive

9. Alternatives to Petroleum-based Fuels  LNG  Fuel blends (Ethanol, biodiesel)  Hybrid vehicles  All Electric vehicles

10. For More Information The NEED Project www.need.org info@need.org 1-800-875-5029 Energy Information Administration U.S. Department of Energy www.eia.gov

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