1. Investigative Methods and Project Preparation
Lecture 3 – Referencing (Harvard System)

2. What is plagiarism? One definition:
‘Plagiarism is passing off someone else’s work, whether intentionally or unintentionally, as your own for your own benefit’ (Carroll, 2002, p.9).

3. Examples of plagiarism
Plagiarism includes
Using a direct quote without referencing
Using someone else’s ideas or words without referencing
Paraphrasing work by only changing a few words
Using lecture/tutorial notes without referencing

4. Examples of plagiarism (cont’d)
Copying another student’s work and submitting it as your own
Submitting another student’s work in whole or in part
Submitting work that has been written by someone else on your behalf
Colluding when two or more students submit identical work (Bretag, Crossman & Bordia, 2006)

5. When to Cite? General, common knowledge ideas can be stated - but you need to be sure.
How accurate are these statement?
Terrorism is everywhere.
Everywhere?
There is widespread acceptance of a global water shortage.
Some places have flood problems
Most people smoke.
Too general – Where? Who? Statistics?

6. Commonly known facts do not need a citation.
When to Cite?
Commonly known facts do not need a citation.
Look at the following statements. Which one needs a citation?
The moon revolves around the earth.
Sydney is on the east coast of Australia.
Australia’s population will double by 2010.
Food is necessary for survival.

7. What are the purposes of referencing?
To avoid plagiarism
To add strength and credibility as evidence to support your position
To indicate scope and depth of your research
To allow others to follow up content presented independently

8. What should be referenced?
Everything that is not your own original idea
Quotes
Paraphrases
Summaries
Statistical information
Diagrams/tables/graphs/images

9. Reference lists v bibliographies
a reference list is a list of all the items you have mentioned in your essay or work - in alphabetical order
a bibliography is a complete list of all the above PLUS everything you have read around the subject that has helped you to write your essay or work

10. Harvard Referencing System (Journal Article)
In text:
(Author’s surname, Year, Page number if required)
E.g. (Guthrie, Petty & Ricceri, 2006, p. 256)
Reference list:
Author’s surname, First initial (Year) ‘Title of article’, Name of Journal, volume, number, range of pages.
E.g. Guthrie, J, Petty, R & Ricceri, F (2006), ’The voluntary reporting of intellectual capital. Comparing evidence from Hong Kong and Australia’, Journal of Intellectual Capital, vol. 7, no. 2, pp

11. Harvard Referencing System (books)
In text:
(Author’s surname, Year, Page number if required)
E.g. (Watts & Zimmerman, 2006, p. 61)
Reference list:
Author’s surname, First initial, (Year), Name of book, Publisher, Place of Publication.
E.g. Watts, R & Zimmerman, J, (2006), Positive Accounting Theory, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ.

12. Books – two authors
Bull, J and M Gate (1989): Breeding dairy cows. London, United Farming Press.

13. Books – 3 or more authors
Builder, Bob, et al (1993): Construction practice. London, Town House Publications.
et al means “and others” in Latin
your tutor may prefer you to list ALL the authors instead – check first

14. 2 authors from the same year
Put the titles in alphabetical order and call the references a, b, c, etc.
Brett, P. (2002a): Bench joinery. Cheltenham, Stanley Thornes.
Brett, P. (2002b): Site carpentry and joinery level 2. Cheltenham, Stanley Thornes.

15. A chapter/article within a book
Ewbank, R (1999): “Animal welfare”, in Management and welfare of farm animals. 4th ed, Wheathampstead, Universities Federation for Animal Welfare, p.1-15.
for page numbers, use p.25, pp or : or ,94-191

16. Corporate authors Put the name of the organisation as the author:
Institute of Waste Management (1995): Ways to improve recycling. Northampton, Institute of Waste Management.

17. Journal articles put the title of the article in “quotes”
put the name of the Journal in italics
Shaw, Philip (2005): “Estimating local extinction rates over successive time-frames”, Biological Conservation, 121 (2),

18. A thesis or dissertation
similar to a book reference -
Brown, Michael (1980): The problems of making and maintaining a medieval style garden today. M.A. Thesis, Harvard.

19. Reports similar to a book reference:
Curry, Donald (2002): Farming and food: A sustainable future: Report of the policy commission on the future of food and farming. London, Cabinet Office.

20. Newspaper articles same as journal articles
but if there is no author (e.g. a short news item) use the Newspaper name as a corporate author
Guardian, The (2005): “Guardian appeal tops £1.5m”. The Guardian. 19 January 2005, p.2.

21. WEB PAGE Date Author(s) Page Title Access information Website Title
Year site last updated (often shown at the bottom of the page).
If not known, enter (no date).
Author(s)
Surname.Initial(s) if a person is the author. Otherwise use corporate author or organisation.
Department for Children, Schools and Families. (2009) Background to every child matters. Every Child Matters [Online]. Available at Accessed on 18th February 2010, 11:10pm.
Page Title
In sentence case
Access information
Give full address of webpage, and date and time you accessed the resource.
Website Title
In Title Case and italicised. Followed by [Online].

22. If you can’t find the details
author not given [anon]
no place (sine loco) [s.l.]
no publisher (sine nomine) [s.n.]
no date [n.d.]
not known [n.k.]

23. What should I reference?

24. What should I reference?
Acknowledging the work of others in your assignments gives academic credibility to your work by allowing you to back up your arguments with published material.
You should reference anything you have taken from another work, whether you are paraphrasing, summarising or directly quoting.
Some things can be taken as common knowledge and do not therefore need to be backed up with a reference.

25. Taking notes
Taking clear notes during your reading will make referencing much easier and quicker.
Make a note of: author / title / date / publisher details and chapter details / page numbers if relevant.
If it is online, note the web address and the date and time you accessed it.
Make clear distinction between any direct quotes you write down and information written in your own words so you don’t accidently plagiarise when you come to write you assignment

26. Citing in your text
The first part of a Harvard reference is the in-text citation where you acknowledge the sources you read.
Use (author, date) and page numbers if applicable.
Consider the flow of your writing when choosing how to include the citation.
Addy (2006) explains that children with developmental coordination disorder often struggle within mainstream education (p.25)
Addy (2006, p.25) explains that children with developmental coordination disorder often struggle within mainstream education
Children with developmental coordination disorder often struggle within mainstream education (Addy, 2006, p.25)

27. Quotations
Use quotation marks ‘t’ and page number(s) to indicate a direct quote.
Short quotes can be included in your own sentence:
Longer quotes should be indented and in a separate paragraph:
Avoid overusing quotations.
Continuing professional development allows people to ‘build on their knowledge and skills to develop their level of competence’ (Alsop, 2000, p.64).
Evidence suggests that the popularity for alternative medicine is growing.
‘It is estimated that a third of the population have
tried the remedies of complementary medicine or
visited its practitioners’ (Dimond, 2004, p.378).

28. Paraphrasing Presenting an idea or argument in your own words.
Ensure it is significantly altered from the original to avoid issues of plagiarism (just changing a couple of words is not enough!).
Paraphrases relate to specific sections of a work, so it is good practice to include the page number as you would do with a direct quotation.
Effectively preparing patients by dealing with questions, setting goals and making the patient feel involved in their care can significantly reduce postoperative anxiety and may have a positive impact on their subsequent recovery (Lees, 2010, p.11).

29. Summarising
A brief outline of the main points of a work without going into specific details.
Generally summaries relate to a whole work, or to a large section, so are much less specific than paraphrasing.
As a summary potentially covers most or all of a work, it does not require page numbers to be given as they are for direct quotations and paraphrasing.
A recent study by Sampson (2009) demonstrated that moderate alcohol consumption may reduce the risk of dementia in later life.

30. Secondary References
Where the passage you are referring to is the authors own reference to another work.
You are relying on their accurate and unbiased reproduction of that work, so it is much better to locate the source and read and reference it directly in you own work.
If you cannot locate the original, secondary reference it by:
A study concluded that marijuana users felt ‘less confident’ than cocaine users about being able to stop taking the drug. (Budney et al, 1998 cited in Butcher, Mineka & Hooley, 2010, p.412).
In the body of your text cite both works
In your end list:
Reference the item you have read.
Butcher, J. N., Mineka, S. & Hooley, J. M. (2010) Abnormal Psychology (14th ed). Boston, Parson Education Inc.

31. Which should you rely on most: quoting or paraphrasing? Why?
- shows understanding of what you have read
- allows integration of source information into your own argument more easily
Quoting – use only if:
- paraphrasing causes misinterpretation
- analysing the quote itself is important
- exact words from the source are particularly forceful

32. Common errors in referencing
No reference provided where necessary
Reference provided where not necessary
Incorrect source provided as reference
Quotation marks not used where necessary

33. Common errors in referencing (cont’d)
Page numbers not included where necessary
Incorrect page numbers given
Use of page number instead of paragraph number in references to Government or Standards publications
Misspelling
Incorrect/inconsistent punctuation

34. SOURCES The University of Adelaide, Professions Learning Centre (PLC)
University Centre Hastings, Learning Resource Centre, Information Skills Tutorial presentation
The Library, University of Sheffield (2000): Writing a bibliography. [Online] Available from [Accessed 2 September 2005].
LaTrobe University, Introduction to referencing presentation