1. Progress in Physical Geography Professor Wang Jian 自然地理学进展 Progress in Physical Geography Professor Wang Jian 自然地理学进展 Energy in the Earth surface system Progress in Physical Geography Professor Wang Jian 自然地理学进展

2. Progress in Physical Geography Professor Wang Jian 自然地理学进展 Progress in Physical Geography Professor Wang Jian 自然地理学进展 Energy in the Earth surface system what are the main sources of energe? Where does they come from?

3. Progress in Physical Geography Professor Wang Jian 自然地理学进展 Progress in Physical Geography Professor Wang Jian 自然地理学进展 Main energy source of the earth’s surface system Solar radiation energy terrestrial heat energy the earth’s surface system Earth Rotation energy Solar radiation accounts for 99.986% of all energy input, it is the most important energy source of the earth’s surface system. It is the driver of wind, ocean current, wave, precipitation and other water cycle processes, it is also the energy source of photosynthesis. Through photosynthesis Solar energy is transmitted into chemical energy and biological energy is stored in biosphere in forms of plant and animal. When plant and animal die and be buried, a part of them deposit in rock. When the rock be weathered or human burn coal, oil or natural gas, the energy that stored in the rocks will be released.

4. Progress in Physical Geography Professor Wang Jian 自然地理学进展 Progress in Physical Geography Professor Wang Jian 自然地理学进展 Energy transmission and change in the earth’s surface system -- Solar energy In evaporation, water absorbs heat from atmosphere, liquid state becomes gaseity, the heat energy is transmitted from atmosphere to water. During precipitation, water becomes liquid state or solid state from gaseity, emitting heat, heat energy is transmitted from water to atmosphere. On general, ocean is a heat resource in winter, heat energy is transmitted from ocean to atmosphere or continent, but in summer, ocean’s temperature is lower than that ofcontinent, heat energy is transmitted from atmosphere or continent to ocean. Warm current passed ocean surface is warmer, heat energy is transmitted from ocean to atmosphere, and cold current passed ocean surface is cold, heat energy is Convergence &divergence transmitted from atmosphere to ocean. Potential energy kinetic energy heat energy Solar energy Chemical energy Forming high and low General circulation, current Ocean current Atmosphere Water absorption Aspiration, decomposition fuel burning Heat energy General circulation photosynthesis

5. Progress in Physical Geography Professor Wang Jian 自然地理学进展 Progress in Physical Geography Professor Wang Jian 自然地理学进展 Energy transmission and translation in the earth’s surface system -terrestrial heat energy Terrestrial heat energy’s uneven distribution, engenders mantle convection, and heat energy transforms into kinetic energy. mantle convection begets sea floor spreading, magma intrusion and volcano eruption. Kinetic energy transforms into heat energy. When magma intrusion conduces wall rock metamorphosing, heat energy transforms into chemical energy. When continental drift and tectonic movement conduce mountain forming and plateau rising, kinetic energy transforms into potential energy. When thawing water and precipitation bcome river and flow down, potential energy transforms into kinetic energy.. Kinetic energy potential energy Kinetic energy terrestrial heat energy chemical energy tectonic movement mantle convection Fluviatile action Gravitational action Contact metamorphism Mountain building kinetic energy

6. Progress in Physical Geography Professor Wang Jian 自然地理学进展 Progress in Physical Geography Professor Wang Jian 自然地理学进展 Energy transmission and translation in the earth’s surface system — the earth ’ s rotation energy The Earth rotation change leads tectonic movement and continental drift ， conduces orogeny and Epeirogenesis. Kinetic energy transforms into potential energy. When river flow down or rock slide, landslide,avalanche,creepage take place, potential energy transforms into kinetic energy. When volcanic erupts, magma invades ， kinetic energy transforms into heat energy. The Earth rotation conduces tide,friction between tide and ground produce heat energy. The Earth rotation change can also leads large-scale transgression and regression ， result in general circulation and current changes. That is, earth’ rotation energy can be directly transmited into Hydrosphere, Atmosphere and Lithosphere and changes them, then indirectly affects biosphere. Heat energy The Earth’s rotation energy Potential energy Kinetic energy Kinetic energy Current, tide Atmosphere circulation land building Mountain building Volcano Hotspring

7. Progress in Physical Geography Professor Wang Jian 自然地理学进展 Progress in Physical Geography Professor Wang Jian 自然地理学进展 Energy exchanges among spheres  There exist heat energy,kinetic energy, chemical energy and potential energy exchanges between atmosphere and hydrosphere.  There exist heat energy, chemical energy and kinetic energyexchanges between atmosphere and lithosphere.  There exist heat energy,kinetic energy, potential energy and chemical energy exchanges between hydrosphere and lithosphere.  There exist heat energy,kinetic energy, chemical energy and potential energy exchanges between atmosphere and hydrosphere.  There universally exist heat energy, and chemical energy potential exchanges between biosphere and three other spheres. Hydro- sphere Atmo- sphere Bio- sphere Litho- sphere