1. Political and Economical Systems
What types of human systems provide the power for groups of people to control Earth’s surface? 
Section 3-GTR

2. Political and Economical Systems
unitary system
democracy
traditional economy
market economy
mixed economy
command economy
federal system
autocracy
monarchy
oligarchy
Section 3-GTR

3. Political and Economical Systems
A. United States
B. Saudi Arabia
C. United Kingdom
D. China
E. Vietnam
Section 3-GTR

4. Figure 7

5. Features of Government
Territory, population, and sovereignty influence levels and types of governments in countries around the world.
Levels of government
Most countries have several levels of government, ranging from the national level to the village level.
Section 3

6. Features of Government (cont.)
Two types of government systems are:
Unitary—the United Kingdom and France use this system.
Federal—the United States, Canada and Switzerland are three of many countries that use this system.
Section 3

7. Features of Government (cont.)
All governments belong to one of three major groups:
Autocracy—rule by one person
A monarchy is another form of autocratic government.
Oligarchy—rule by a few people
Democracy—rule by many people
Section 3

8. Economic Systems
The three major economic systems are traditional economy, market economy, and command economy.
All economic systems must make three basic economic decisions:
What and how many goods and services should be produced
Section 3

9. Economic Systems (cont.)
How should they be produced
Who gets the goods and services that are produced
These decisions are made differently in the three major economic systems:
Traditional—habit and custom determine the rules.
Market—this economy is based on free enterprise, the idea that private individuals or groups have the right to own property or businesses and make a profit with only limited government interference.
Section 3

10. Economic Systems (cont.)
Most market economies are actually mixed economies.
Command—the government controls the economy is this system.
Section 3

11. Economic Systems (cont.)
Two types of command economies:
Communist—strict government control of the entire society
Socialist—three main goals of this type of economy:
An equitable distribution of wealth and economic opportunity
Society’s control, through its government, makes decisions about public goods.
Public ownership of services and factories that are essential.
Section 3

12. Resources, Trade, and the Environment
How does the availability and use of natural resources affect economic activities and the environment?
Section 4-GTR

13. Resources, Trade, and the Environment
natural resource
developing country
free trade
pollution
industrialization
developed country
newly industrialized country
Section 4-GTR

14. Resources, Trade, and the Environment
A. Malaysia
B. European Union
Section 4-GTR

15. Resource Management
Natural resources must be managed to ensure future needs.
Because fossil fuels, such as coal and oil, and other nonrenewable resources cannot be replaced, they must be conserved.
Section 4

16. Resource Management (cont.)
Alternative energy sources:
Hydroelectric power
Solar energy
Nuclear energy
The Global Economy
Section 4

17. Economies and World Trade
Countries with varying levels of economic development have become increasingly interdependent through world trade.
Geographers and economists classify all of the world’s economic activities into four types:
Primary economic activities—taking or using natural resources directly from the Earth
Section 4

18. Economies and World Trade (cont.)
Secondary economic activities—raw materials are used to produce something new and more valuable.
Tertiary economic activities—provide services to people and businesses
Quaternary economic activities—the processing, management, and distribution of information
The Global Economy
Section 4

19. Economies and World Trade (cont.)
Factors affecting trade:
The unequal distribution of natural resources
Differences in labor costs
Differences in education levels
Section 4

20. Economies and World Trade (cont.)
Barriers to trade:
Tariffs
Embargos
A quota on the quantity of a product that can be imported from a country
Many governments around the world have moved toward free trade.
World Economic Trends
Section 4

21. People and the Environment
Economic activities have led to environmental pollution.
The water, land, and air have all been polluted due to human activity.
When humans harm natural ecosystems, they are also hurting themselves.
Section 4