1. Energy Resources
Chapter 10

2. Energy Uses
There are 3 main ways we use energy in developed countries:
industrial
domestic
transportation

3. Energy Uses

4. Evaluating Energy Resources
Renewable
Future availability
Net energy yield (efficiency)
-It takes energy to get energy
Habitat degradation
Cost (initial and ongoing)
Community disruption
Political or international issues
Suitability in different locations
Pollution (air, water, noise, visual)

5. Energy Resources Non-renewable (84%) Renewable (16%) Oil/Petroleum
Natural gas
Coal
Nuclear power
Fusion
Fission
Renewable (16%)
EARTH
Geothermal (wet and dry)
WIND
WATER
Tides
Waves
Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion
Hydroelectric
SUN
Solar Thermal Power Systems
Photovoltaic Conversion
LIFE
Biofuels/Biomass

6. Energy Resources

7. Non-Renewable Energy Fossil Fuels
Coal, Oil and Gas are called "fossil fuels“ because they have been formed from the fossilized remains of prehistoric plants and animals.
They provide around 66% of the world's electrical power, and 95% of the world's total energy demands

8. North American Fossil Fuels Energy Resources
US has only
2.4% of world’s
oil reserves
Average American uses in one day what a person in the poorest countries use in one year!

9. Important Nonrenewable Energy Sources

10. OIL and NATURAL GAS
Accumulations of dead marine organisms on the ocean floor were covered by sediments.
Muddy rock gradually formed rock (shale) containing dispersed oil.
Sandstone formed on top of shale, thus oil pools began to form.
Natural gas often forms on top of oil.
Primary component of natural gas is methane

12. Oil Petroleum (crude oil) Costs: Refining yields many products
Recovery
Refining
Transporting
Environmental
Highest risks are in transportation
Refining yields many products
Asphalt
Heating oil
Diesel
Petrochemicals
Gasoline

13. Conventional Oil Advantages Relatively low cost High net energy yield
Efficient distribution system
Disadvantages
Running out
42-93 years
Low prices encourage waste
Air pollution and greenhouse gases
Water pollution

14. Oil Shale and Tar Sands
Tar Sand: Mixture of clay, sand, water and bitumen - a thick and sticky heavy oil.
Extracted by large electric shovels, mixed with hot water and steam to extract the bitumen.
Bitumen heated to convert to synthetic crude oil.
Oil Shale: Oily rocks that contain a solid mix of hydro-carbons.
Global supplies ~240 times conventional oil supplies.

15. Natural Gas 50-90% methane Cleanest of fossil fuels
Approximate 200 year supply
Advantages and disadvantages

16. Coal – What is it? Solid fossil fuel formed in several stages
Land plants that lived million years ago
Subjected to intense heat and pressure over many millions of years
Mostly carbon, small amounts of sulfur

17. Coal Formation and Types

18. Coal – what do we use it for?
Stages of coal formation
300 million year old forests
peat > lignite > bituminous > anthracite
Primarily strip-mined
Used mostly for generating electricity
Used to generate 62% of the world’s electricity
Used to generate 52% of the U.S. electricity
Enough coal for about years
U.S. has 25% of world’s reserves
High environmental impact
Coal gasification and liquefaction

19. Coal: Trade-offs World’s most abundant fossil fuel
Mining and burning coal has a severe environmental impact
Accounts for over 1/3 of the world’s CO2 emissions

20. Non-Renewable Energy Nuclear Energy
A nuclear change in which nuclei of certain isotopes with large mass numbers are split apart into lighter nuclei when struck by neutrons.
Nuclei – center of an atom, making up0 most of the atom’s mass
Isotopes – two or more forms of a chemical element that have the same number of protons but different mass numbers because they have different numbers of neutrons in their nuclei.
Neutron – elementary particle in all atoms.
Radioactivity – Unstable nuclei of atoms shoot out “chunks” of mass and energy.

21. Nuclear Energy Great danger of losing coolant! Fission reactors
Uranium-235
Fission
Resulting heat used to produce steam that spins turbines to generate electricity
Produces radioactive fission fragments
Light water generator – used in all U.S. and 85% world wide.

22. Locations of U.S. Nuclear Power Plants

23. Conventional Nuclear Power: Trade-offs
No new plants in U.S. since 1978.
All 120 plants ordered in 1973 have been cancelled.
Cost over-runs
High operating costs
Three Mile Island
Chernobyl

24. Dealing with Nuclear Waste
High- and low-level wastes
Terrorist threats – storage casks hold 5-10 X more ling-lived radioactivity than the nuclear power plant
Disposal proposals
Underground burial
Disposal in space (illegal under international law)
Burial in ice sheets (“ “)
Dumping into subduction zones (“ “)
Burial in ocean mud (“ “)
Conversion into harmless materials (no way to do this with current technology)

25. Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy
84% of energy is wasted in the United States
41% degradation (2nd law of Thermodynamics)
43% unnecessary
Fuel wasting vehicles
Furnaces
Poorly insulated buildings
U.S. unnecessarily wastes 2/3 of the energy that the rest of the world’s population consumes!

26. World Total Energy Consumption 1990 -2020 (Quadrillion Btu)
In the International Energy Outlook (IEO) 2000 reference case, much of the growth in worldwide energy use is projected for the developing world (Figure 3). In particular, energy demand in developing Asia and Central and South America is projected to more than double between 1997 and Both regions are expected to sustain energy demand growth of more than 3 percent annually throughout the forecast, accounting for more than one-half of the total projected increment in world energy consumption and 83 percent of the increment for the developing world alone.
Sources: History: Energy Information Administration (EIA), International Energy Annual 1997, DOE/EIA-0219(97) (Washington, DC, April 1999). Projections: EIA, Annual Energy Outlook 2000, DOE/EIA-0383(2000) (Washington, DC, December 1999), Table A1; and World Energy Projection System (2000).

27. Energy Efficiency Efficiency is getting out what you put in.
Four primary energy wasters:
Incandescent light bulb 95%
Nuclear Power – 86%
Cars – 75-80%
Coal – 66%
We either need to make more efficient products or change our energy sources

28. Energy Efficiencies – do more with less!

29. HOW DO WE SOLVE THE PROBLEM!!! Renewable energy sources
EARTH
Geothermal (wet and dry)
WIND
WATER
Tides
Waves
Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion
Hydroelectric
SUN
Solar Thermal Power Systems
Photovoltaic Conversion
LIFE
Biofuels/Biomass

30. Geothermal Energy Geothermal heat pumps Geothermal exchange
Dry and wet steam
Hot water
Molten rock (magma)
Hot dry-rock zones

31. Producing Electricity from Wind

32. Producing Electricity from Moving Water
Large-scale hydropower
Small-scale hydropower
Tidal power plant
Wave power plant

33. Using Solar Energy to Provide High-Temperature Heat and Electricity
Solar thermal systems
Photovoltaic (PV) cells

34. Producing Energy from Biomass
Biomass and biofuels
Biomass plantations
Crop residues
Animal manure
Biogas
Ethanol
Methanol

35. Entering the Age of Decentralized Micropower
Decentralized power systems and Micropower systems