1. 3 rd 9 Weeks STAAR Cards

2. CARD 1 1. Codominance = phenotype shows both alleles (ex. black and white spotted cows) – Sex-linked = trait is carried on a sex chromosome (ex. Color blindness) – Incomplete Dominance = Blended trait in phenotype (ex. White + red = pink flowers) 2. Organism who has modified/changed genes. Can be created using bacterial plasmid to insert genes. (Genetic engineering) 3. Exact copy of an organism. Use body cell, take nucleus out, and place that nucleus into an egg cell & allow to grow within a surrogate mother. 4. Yes = most mutations are neutral but some can lead to adaptations and benefit species 5. Humans select for best traits and breed those organisms. Pros = know it works and no harm to organisms. Cons = takes a long time and not guaranteed to be seen in all offspring. 6. Family chart showing traits over generations. Dominant = 50/50 outcome, Recessive = will see carriers, sex-linked = affects sexes at different ratios & only females are carriers.

3. CARD 2 1. Organisms diversify rapidly into many new forms (ex. Finches beaks) 2. a. i. preserved remain of an organism ii. Newer fossils on top, older on bottom. b. i. same structure, different function = common ancestor (human and whale humerus) ii. Different structure, same function = no common ancestry (bird and bee wing) iii. No function in new species (ex. leg bones in whales) c. Study development of early embryos = similar structures show common ancestry. d. * most reliable*. Compare DNA, RNA, and amino acid sequences of organisms. MORE differences, LESS related 3. Gradualism = organisms change structures slowly over time Punctuated Equilibrium = abrupt changes over time in phenotype 4. Inherited variation that if nature selects for can help a species survive when their environment changes.

4. CARD 3 1. Evolution = Change over time 2. Key Mechanism of Evolution = “survival of fittest” where nature selects for a favorable trait, and that organism will survive and reproduce 3. Changes populations over time 4. – Divergent = process where species diverge and become less and less similar and can create 2-3 new species (homologous structures) – Convergent = When 2 different species evolve similar structures over time but are not related (analogous structures) 5. Transfer of genes from one population to another (migration) 6. Gene frequencies changing by random chance, not natural selection. 2 Types: - Bottleneck Effect = natural disaster or accident reduces genes - Founders Effect = small group of organisms start a new colony.

5. CARD 4 1. Population 2. Common Ancestry 3. Naming system of organisms = scientific name. Helps scientists know specific organisms due to ambiguity of common names given to them across the world. 4. Domain  kingdom  phylum  class  order  family  genus  species 5. Species end 6. Genus (first name) + Species (2 nd name)

6. CARD 5 1. Prokaryotes = Archeabacter & Eubacteria – Eukaryotes = protista, fungi, plantae, and animalia 2. -Xylem = Carries Water - Phloem = Carries nutrients, glucose, and food 3. Adenosine Triphosphate = Cellular Energy. SHORT TERM ENERGY. LIPIDS/FAT = LONG TERM. 4. Guard cells = control the size of the stomata & regulate water homeostasis / balance -Stomata = pore on leaves that allow gases in and out for transpiration and photoysnthesis 5. Sunlight energy a.6CO 2 + 6H 2 O ------> C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 b.Chloroplast 6. a. C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ → 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + ATP b. Mitochandria of ALL CELLS *NOT ON CARD BUT NEED TO KNOW = FERMENTATION IS USED WHEN THERE IS NO OXYGEN AVAILABLE. 2 TYPES = ALCOHOLIC & LACTIC ACID!