2. NTL – Converging Constraints Basic concepts and words derive their meaning from embodied experience. Abstract and theoretical concepts derive their meaning from metaphorical maps to more basic embodied concepts. Structured Connectionist Models can capture both of these processes nicely. Grammar extends this by Constructions: pairings of form with embodied meaning.

3. Simulation-based language understanding “Harry walked to the cafe.” SchemaTrajectorGoal walkHarrycafe Analysis Process Simulation Specification Utterance Simulation Cafe Constructions General Knowledge Belief State

5. Background: Primate Motor Control Relevant requirements (Stromberg, Latash, Kandel, Arbib, Jeannerod, Rizzolatti) –Should model coordinated, distributed, parameterized control programs required for motor action and perception. –Should be an active structure. –Should be able to model concurrent actions and interrupts. Model –The NTL project has developed a computational model based on that satisfies these requirements (x- schemas). –Details, papers, etc. can be obtained on the web at http://www.icsi.berkeley.edu/NTL

6. Active representations Representation based on stochastic Petri nets captures dynamic, parameterized nature of actions Many inferences about actions derive from what we know about executing them Generative model: action, planning, recognition, language. Walking: bound to a specific walker with a direction or goal consumes resources (e.g., energy) may have termination condition (e.g., walker at goal ) ongoing, iterative action walker =Harry goal =home energy walker at goal

7. Somatotopy of Action Observation Foot Action Hand Action Mouth Action Buccino et al. Eur J Neurosci 2001

8. Active Motion Model Evolving Responses of Competing Models over Time. Nigel Goddard 1989

9. Language Development in Children 0-3 mo: prefers sounds in native language 3-6 mo: imitation of vowel sounds only 6-8 mo: babbling in consonant-vowel segments 8-10 mo: word comprehension, starts to lose sensitivity to consonants outside native language 12-13 mo: word production (naming) 16-20 mo: word combinations, relational words (verbs, adj.) 24-36 mo: grammaticization, inflectional morphology 3 years – adulthood: vocab. growth, sentence-level grammar for discourse purposes

10. food toys misc. people sound emotion action prep. demon. social Words learned by most 2-year olds in a play school (Bloom 1993)

11. Learning Spatial Relation Words Terry Regier A model of children learning spatial relations. Assumes child hears one word label of scene. Program learns well enough to label novel scenes correctly. Extended to simple motion scenarios, like INTO. System works across languages. Mechanisms are neurally plausible.

12. Learning System We’ll look at the details next lecture dynamic relations (e.g. into) structured connectionist network (based on visual system)

13. Limitations Scale Uniqueness/Plausibility Grammar Abstract Concepts Inference Representation Biological Realism

15. physicslowest energy state chemistrymolecular minima biology fitness, MEU neuroeconomics vision threats, friends language errors, NTL Constrained Best Fit in Nature inanimate animate

16. Learning Verb Meanings David Bailey A model of children learning their first verbs. Assumes parent labels child’s actions. Child knows parameters of action, associates with word Program learns well enough to: 1) Label novel actions correctly 2) Obey commands using new words (simulation) System works across languages Mechanisms are neurally plausible.

19. Motor Control (X-schema) for SLIDE

21. Parameters for the SLIDE X-schema

22. Feature Structures for PUSH

24. System Overview

25. Learning Two Senses of PUSH Model merging based on Bayesian MDL

26. Training Results David Bailey English 165 Training Examples, 18 verbs Learns optimal number of word senses (21) 32 Test examples : 78% recognition, 81% action All mistakes were close lift ~ yank, etc. Learned some particle CXN,e.g., pull up Farsi With identical settings, learned senses not in English

29. physicslowest energy state chemistrymolecular minima biology fitness, MEU neuroeconomics vision threats, friends language errors, NTL Constrained Best Fit in Nature inanimate animate

31. Compositionality Traditional Context-free composition of logical forms Contemporary Constructional composition of conceptual frames Formal Cognitive Linguistics

32. Embodied Construction Grammar (Bergen, Chang & Paskin 2000) Assumptions from Construction Grammar –Constructions are form-meaning pairs (Lakoff 1987, Goldberg 1995) –Constructions vary in degree of specificity and level of description (morphological, lexical, phrasal, clausal) Constructions evoke and bind semantic schemas Additional influences –Cognitive Grammar (Langacker 1987) –Frame Semantics (Fillmore 1982) –Structured Connectionism (Feldman 1987)

33. Phonetics Semantics Pragmatics Morphology Syntax Traditional Levels of Analysis

34. Phonetics Semantics Pragmatics Morphology Syntax “Harry walked into the cafe.” Utterance

35. Language understanding: analysis & simulation “Harry walked into the cafe.” Analysis Process Simulation Specification Utterance Constructions General Knowledge Belief State construction W ALKED in context c constituents: form f of type [wakt] meaning walking construed as Walk-Action semantic constraints: walking.time before c.speech-time walking.aspect = encapsulated designates walking CAFE Simulation

36. Simulation specification A simulation specification consists of: semantic schemas evoked by constructions bindings between schemas (labeled by the constructions that enforce them)

37. Conclusion Language acquisition and use is a hallmark of being human –Language seems to rely on fine-grained aspects of embodied (sensory-motor and social cognition) primitives and brain-like computation (massively parallel, distributed, spreading activation, temporal binding). –Understanding requires imaginative simulation! –We have built a pilot system that demonstrates the use of motor control representations in grounding the language of abstract actions and policies. Sensory-Motor imagination and simulation is crucial in interpretation! Ongoing Work. –Formalize and use a compositional set of embodied conceptual primitives and grammatical constructions. –Perform both behavioral and fMRI imaging experiments to test the predictions of the simulation hypothesis. –Further refine and ground the model in details of neural anatomy and functional architecture (basal-thalamic-cortical loops).