2. Vertebrate Diversity I The Protochordates Subphylum Vertebrata BIO 112

3. Q1: Deuterostomes 1)Have radial, indeterminate cleavage 2)Are ancestrally enterocoelous 3)Develop the mouth as the second gut opening 4)All of the above

4. Deuterostomes and Chordates Generic deuterostome characteristics: –Radial, indeterminate cleavage –Enterocoely –Deuterostomy The four Chordate characteristics: –Notochord –Pharyngeal gill slits –Post-anal tail –Dorsal hollow nerve chord (+ trends toward segmentation and cephalization)

5. The “Protochordates” Ph. Hemichordata Ph. Chordata –Subph. Urochordata –Subph. Cephalochordata

6. Q2: The only chordate character retained by adult tunicates is the 1)Notochord 2)Pharyngeal gill slits 3)Dorsal hollow nerve chord 4)Post-anal tail

7. Q3: The closest protochordate vertebrate ancestors are the 1)Echinoderms 2)Hemichordates 3)Urochordates 4)Cephalochordates

8. Sub-ph. Vertebrata Central characteristics: segmented vertebral column (i.e., backbone) cranium (brain case: bone or cartilage) closed circulatory system neural crest cells – become teeth, part of cranium, adrenal glands nephritic kidneys semicircular vestibular canals seconarily schizocoelous

9. Sub-ph. Vertebrata Bases for classification (shared derived traits) : cranium and jaws lateral appendages consolidation of vertebrae cartilagenous vs. bony skeleton tetrapody and petadactyly anamniotic vs. amniotic egg endothermy vs. ectothermy scales, feathers, fur milk extended parental care

10. Q4: Which of the following is NOT a distinguishing vertebrate character? 1)Neural crest cells 2)Nephritic kidneys 3)Radial symmetry 4)A segmented backbone

11. Class (or Superclass) Agnatha Jawless fishes –circular mouths; specialized feeding –notochord persists through life –lack paired appendages –single dorsal nostril 2 extant taxa: –Myxini: hagfish –Cephalaspidomorphi: lamprey

12. Ostracoderms: extinct agnathans

13. The lamprey -- an ectoparasite

14. Lamprey on prey

15. Lamprey mouth -- yikes!

16. Lamprey ammocoetes larva: (clear affinity with cephalochordates) A gravel-dwelling filter feeder when young

17. Hagfish -- a scavenger

18. This is why it’s called the “slime hag”!

19. Q6: “Agnathans” derive their name from their lack of 1)Paired nostrils 2)Jaws 3)Paired lateral appendages 4)A segmented backbone

20. Jaws or No Jaws? Superclass Agnatha : –Cl. Myxini –Cl. Cephalaspidomorphi/ Petromyzontia Superclass Gnathostomata –Cl. Chondrichthyes –Cl. Osteichthyes –C. Amphibia –Cl. Reptilia –Cl. Mammalia –Cl. Aves

21. The Placoderms: first jawed fishes (now extinct)

22. Evolution of Jaws from Gill Arches

23. Cl. Chondrichthyes Cartilaginous fishes: sharks, skates, rays –light-weight, elastic skeleton Gills Paired fins (pectoral and pelvic fins) Large oily liver for buoyancy Heterocercal tail Scavengers or predators

24. Sharks

25. Heterocercal tail

26. Shark jaws with choppers... If jaws evolved from gill arches, where did teeth come from?

27. Denticles on shark skin

28. Skates

29. Manta Ray (or, “BayWatch meets the Chondrichthyes”)

30. Cl. Osteichthyes Bony fishes: about half of all vertebrates! Gills with operculum: gill cover Swim bladder for buoyancy –derived from outpocketing of pharynx flexible pectoral fins –can provide propulsion (not in shark)

31. Q6: The Osteichthyes differ from the major Chondrichthyes groups in having 1)A swim bladder 2)A bony skeleton 3)Gill covers (opercula) 4)All of the above

32. Examples of bony fishes

33. Fish with swim bladder

34. 2 sub-classes of Bony fishes: Sub-Cl. Actinopterygii –“ray-finned fish” –actino = ray –Very diverse: the majority of fish! Sub-Cl. Sarcopterygii –“lobe-finned fish” –sarco = flesh –Only 4 genera, but very interesting, evolutionarily –2 Orders: Dipnoi, Crossopterygii

35. The dipnoans Lung fish (also have gills... ) “Dipnoan” = double breathing Fresh water 1 genus each in Africa, Australia, S. America

36. The Queensland Lung fish Australian speies

37. Order Crossopterygii The only extant species is the Coelocanth –(Latimeria) a living fossil known from 70 m.y. old fossils Re-discovered in 1938 in W. Indian Ocean the lobed fins evolved into the 4 limbs of the tetrapods” (terrestrial verts)

38. Can’t get enough of that Latimeria!

39. The “fishapod” – a likely transition from fish to amphibian The muscular, bony, lobed fins were nicely pre- adapted for locomotion on land Tiktaalik roseae – the “fishapod” ~ 380mya

41. Q7: The most successful and speciose group of bony fish are the 1)Chondrichthyes 2)Actinopterygii 3)Dipnoi 4)Crossopterygii

42. Q8: The bony fish most closely related to our ancestors are the 1)Chondrichthyes 2)Actinopterygii 3)Dipnoi 4)Crossopterygii

43. Class Amphibia Most return to water to reproduce; larvae often have gills Amphi-bios = “double life” need moist skin for gas exchange –small, inefficient lungs fertilization usually external are ectotherms

44. Class Amphibia Order Urodela (salamanders) Order Anura (toads, frogs) Order Apoda (caecilians)

45. Q9:Why are amphibians called “amphibians”? 1)They all have smooth, thin skins 2)They all must return to the water to reproduce 3)They are all external fertilizers 4)They all have multiple larval forms

46. O. Urodela -- salamanders Spotted salamander Have Legs and tails (uro = “tail”) May have lungs or be lungless Terrestrial or aquatic

47. Red-backed salamander

48. Red eft -- terrestrial stage

49. Hellbender -- huge aquatic sally!

50. O. Anura: frogs, toads Leopard frog (Rana pipiens) Tail-less (a + uro) Jumpers or hoppers aquatic larval stage (the tadpole)

51. American Toad

52. Green Frog

53. O. Apoda -- caecilians Legless, burrowing amphibians! Mostly tropical

54. Q10: Salamanders belong to what class of amphibians? 1)Salientia 2)Apoda 3)Urodela 4)Anura

55. Class Reptilia -- reptiles Dry, scaly epidermis -- keratin scales lungs can reproduce on dry land: –terrestrial (amniotic) egg with shell –internal fertilization think about parallels with evolution of plants for a terrestrial existence!

56. The 3 orders of Reptiles O. Chelonia -- turtles O. Squamata -- lizards and snakes O. Crocodilia -- alligators, crocodiles, caimans

57. Q11:Which of the following is NOT an adaptation which frees Reptilia from an aquatic developmental stage? 1)Leathery, amniotic eggs 2)Epidermal scales 3)Internal fertilization 4)Live birth

58. O. Chelonia: turtles Eastern box turtles

59. Leatherback sea turtle

60. An Ogden Nash limerick The turtle lives 'twixt plated decks Which practically conceal its sex. I think it clever of the turtle In such a fix to be so fertile

61. Green sea turtle

62. O. Squamata: lizards and snakes

63. The Texas horned lizard Just another pretty face?....

64. Or the spawn of the Devil!? Horned lizard squirting blood from its eyes!

65. Black rat snake

66. O. Crocodilia Crocodile

67. American Alligator

68. Nests/Maternal care in Alligators!

69. Newborn alligator -- terrestrial egg

70. Q12:In what way are the crocodilians more like birds than like other reptiles? 1)Endothermy (warm-bloodedness) 2)Four-chambered hearts 3)Parental care 4)All of the above

71. Q13:What is particulary peculiar about turtle anatomy? 1)They have four legs and flexible necks 2)They have scaly skins and clawed feet 3)They lay leathery, amniotic eggs 4)Their pectoral and pelvic girdles are inside their rib cages

72. Class Aves -- birds Feathers: modified scales (keratin) Flight skeleton –hollow bones; no heavy teeth –fused skeletal elements Flow-through lung 4-chambered heart Endothermic Terrestrial (amniotic) egg

73. Bird Feathers Contour feather

74. Archaeopteryx lithographica

75. Bird Bones and Feathers

76. The flight skeleton (chicken)

77. Non-passeriform Birds Red-shouldered Hawk Killdeer Sandhill Crane Ruby-throated HummingbirdMourning Dove Red-headed Woodpecker

78. Order Passeriformes Summer tanager Loggerhead Shrike Red-winged Blackbird Carolina WrenBlue GrosbeakChestnut-sided Warbler

79. Q14: Feathers were most likely originally an adaptation for 1)flying 2)swimming 3)courtship display 4)retaining body heat

80. Q15: Birds are the correctly classified as descendants and members of what very successful vertebrate group? 1)Insectivora 2)Chelonia 3)Dinosauria 4)Serpentia

81. Class Mammalia -- mammals Endothermic –hair of keratin (for insulation) –4-chambered heart –diaphragm Mammary glands Placenta (not all species) Teeth: highly modified and specialized

82. Heterodont dentition (dog)

83. 3 Groups of Mammals: Order Monotremata Egg laying mammals! Order Marsupialia Pouched mammals Eutherian Mammals ~17 orders of placental mammals

84. Q16:“Heterodont” means 1)Having more than one type of tooth 2)Having different appearing sexes 3)Having four limbs 4)Having five toes on each limb

85. Monotremes - Protherians The Platypus – Not good as pets - males have poison spurs on their hindlegs!

86. The other monotreme Echidnas - “spiny anteaters”

87. Marsupials Pouched mammals (the marsupium) Order Marsupialia Best represented in Australia Only one North American representative

88. Marsupials - Metatherians Baby koalaTasmanian Devil Wombat Marsupial moleSugar Glider

89. Virginia Opossum This female has nine (!) babies in her marsupium! (no wonder she looks testy!)

90. Newborn Opossum

91. Evolutionary Convergence of Placentals and Marsupials

92. Q17:What distinguishes the protherians (montremes) from the therian mammals? 1)Protherians have no hair 2)Protherians are oviparous (lay eggs) 3)Protherians are external fertilizers 4)Protherians bite

93. Q18: What is the “marsupium” for which the marsupials (metatherians) are named? 1)A pouch 2)A unique set of teeth 3)A heavy tail for balancing 4)A hopping gait

94. Q19: Even though marsupials originated in South America, there is now only one North American species. What is it? 1)The armadillo 2)The deer 3)The opossum 4)The aardvark

95. Placental Mammals - Eutherians ~17 Orders of mammals A very diverse, successful group The young complete their development within the mother’s womb -- the placenta helps provide them with nourishment and does gas exchange

96. The four biogeographical clades of placental mammals Xenarthra – sloths, true anteaters, armadillos Afrotheria – elephants, manatees, sengis, aardvarks Laurasiatheria – ungulates, whales and dolphins, insectivores, bats, carnivores, scaly anteaters Euarchontoglires – rodents, rabbits and picas, tree shrews, colugos, primates

97. Representative Placental Mammals Clockwise from top left: Probiscidea, Sirenia, Cingulata, Primates, Lagomorpha, Rodentia

98. More Mammalian Orders: Clockwise from top left: Carnivora, Cetartiodactyla, Cetartiodactyla, Perissodactyla, Chiroptera, Soricomorpha

99. Order Primates Top: Gibbon Bottom: Spider monkey Gorilla

100. Primate Phylogenetic Tree

101. Q20: What distinguishes the placental mammals from marsupials and monotremes? 1)Production of milk 2)Live birth 3)Care of the young 4)Nourishment of embryos by a placenta

102. Q21: To which order of mammals do you belong? 1)Cetacea 2)Proboscidea 3)Rodentia 4)Primates

103. Q22: Which of the following is not an order of ungulates (toe-nail walkers)? 1)Artiodactyla 2)Perissodactyla 3)Carnivora 4)All of the above are ungulates