2. SLEEP TIME!!! (ZZZ) §No demonstrations, please! §SLEEP- The minimal level of awareness and processing that takes place. §A passive state of consciousness.

4. What makes sleep? §1. Stereotypic posture §2. Little movement §3. Reduced response §4. Reversibility

6. Our Cycles §Sleep-Wake Cycle- just one of the circadian rhythms §light and dark cues control it §SCN (suprachiasmatic nucleus) §Hypothalamus-> pituitary (master gland) §pineal gland -- Melatonin §25 HOURS!!!

7. What controls your sleep-wake cycle?

10. Circadian Rhythms: Life Cycles §Problems with sleep-wake cycle: l Seasonal affective disorder l Jet lag l Shift work l Sleep disorders

11. Problems with Rhythms §Jet Lag §East to West is best (phase delay easier than phase advance) §the ‘night shift’ §days->evenings->nights, 2 wks or more is better

12. Measuring Sleep §Sleep cycle- the movement between stages and states of sleep §Stages- the PHYSICAL changes that occur during the sleep cycle

13. STATES vs. STAGES §State- Our MENTAL abilities. §The state is determined by the stage!!!

15. How do we measure? §Polysomnograph §EEG- electroencephalograph §measures electrical brain activity on the scalp §measures “BRAIN WAVES”

18. Sleep §We descend through NREM Stages I to 4 and then ascend through them to rapid eye movement (REM) sleep.

19. Stages of Sleep §Stage 1NREM l transition between wakefulness and sleep l (beta, alpha) theta

20. §Stage 2NREM l ~50% of sleep cycle l sleep spindles and K complexes

21. Stages of Sleep §Stage 3NREM l Brain waves become slower (delta waves)

22. §Stage 4NREM l Deepest stage of sleep (50%+ delta waves) l least responsive to outside stimuli l A.k.a slow-wave sleep

24. How do we measure? §EOG- electroocculograph §measures eye movement §REM vs Non-REM sleep

25. The Sleep Stages/States §NREM- non-rapid eye movement (4 stages) §REM- rapid eye movement

28. How do we measure? §EMG- electromyograph §measures muscle tension via electrical impulses §REM vs Non-REM

30. §Rapid eye movement §Alpha, beta brainwaves §Increased heart rate, blood pressure, respiration, circulation §Erections in males 1REM Sleep

31. REM Sleep §Usually accompanied by dreams (dream state) §body is “paralyzed”- paradoxical sleep §Myoclonic jerk

33. The Study of Sleep §average adult repeats this cycle four to six times each night. §Sleep decreases from about 16 hours at birth to about 7 to 8 hours in young adulthood, with little change thereafter.

35. The Sleep Cycle §Go deepest @ beginning §more REM later on §3-6 a night §80 minutes NREM §10 minutes REM §less as older

36. Why do we sleep?? §GOOD QUESTION!!! §Thousands of articles/year §Circadian Rhythms- natural biological process that occur daily §your biological clock

37. The Main Theories §Repair/ Restoration - enable body to recover from day’s exertions. §Energy Conservation (~120 kc) §Cool off Brain (temp?)

38. The Main Theories §Boost Immune system sleep deprivation boosts immunity in some studies §Stay out of harm’s way by being unaware?

39. The Main Theories §Improve memory reprocess day’s events §Purge memory create more RAM space. §Neural development

40. Deprivation Studies §Randy Gardner- 264 hours no sleep, 14 hours first night, 8 next! §Avg. Americans get 2 hours LESS sleep than needed §(Sleep DEBT)

41. Deprivation Studies §depression, irritability in some §REM rebound- make up for lost REMs the first night

42. Deprivation Studies §Microsleeps – short periods of sleep that intrude on wakefulness – your brain NEEDS sleep!

45. Sleep Disorders §sleep deprivation/ disorders cost Americans $100 billion/ year in illness, injuries, death and property damage.

46. SLEEP DISORDERS

47. §Insomnia- inability to fall (onset) or stay asleep (transient or chronic) §Rx (benzodiazepenes), change in lifestyle, meditation

48. PARASOMNIAS §Sleep §Walking/talking/texting/eating § 3-4NREM “Myoclonic jerk” §rest, relaxation, Rx, hypnosis

49. PARASOMNIAS §Night Terrors Stage 4NREM: muscles ARE NOT paralyzed §“awaken” screaming in terror §mostly children §not dreaming §Panic attack!

50. PARASOMNIAS §REM sleep behavior disorder §mostly older men >50 §violent outbursts. §Muscles not paralyzed in REM §Rx: Muscle relaxers

51. PARASOMNIAS §SIDS- sudden infant death syndrome §1 month to 1 year old §medulla defects §suffocation? §Positioning- NOT on belly

52. PARASOMNIAS §Restless Legs Syndrome §legs twitch at night, can’t sleep §Genetics? §iron, exercise, diet, Rx

53. HYPERSOMNIAS §Sleep Apnea- stop breathing §up to 5 minutes! §Overweight and snoring §chronic health problems §machine helps- CPAP

56. HYPERSOMNIAS §Narcolepsy- fall asleep unexpectedly §excessive sudden sleepiness §nervous system disorder with REM sleep while awake! §Rx: stimulants