1. 1 IGCC vs. PC Coal Fire Power Plants: Moving toward cleaner energy David Murray CBE 555 10/21/2008

2. 2 Coal is dirty “I think I'm getting the Black Lung, Pop. It's not very well ventilated down there."

3. 3 So what’s the deal? You all hear about global warming every day You all hear about global warming every day Pollution affects each and every one of us Pollution affects each and every one of us Cutting down on power plant emissions won’t solve the current problems, but it may not add to them Cutting down on power plant emissions won’t solve the current problems, but it may not add to them

4. From the DOE “One quarter of the world’s coal reserves are found within the United States, and the energy content of the nation’s coal resources exceeds that of all the world’s known recoverable oil.” “One quarter of the world’s coal reserves are found within the United States, and the energy content of the nation’s coal resources exceeds that of all the world’s known recoverable oil.” 4 http://www.energy.gov/energysources/coal.htm

5. Coal Outlook 2008 ytd: 1,710 thousand tons (American end use) 2008 ytd: 1,710 thousand tons (American end use) –Projected: increase of 1.2% in 2008, decline of 0.9% in 2009 in electric-power-sector coal consumption –3% production increase in 2008 production –Continued robust worldwide demand for coal is projected to lead to an overall 43% increase in U.S. coal exports in 2008 5

6. 6 Coal Power There are two main processes There are two main processes –PC: Pulverized coal. This method has been used since the beginning –IGCC: Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle. This is the newer, lower pollution, more efficient method.

7. 7 Pulverized Coal The process: The process: –Coal is crushed and burned in air –Water is heated –Steam is produced –A steam turbine spins a generator About 40% efficiency About 40% efficiency The majority of the pollutants are emitted from smoke stacks The majority of the pollutants are emitted from smoke stacks

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10. 10 Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle Process: Process: –Coal is finely ground under high temperature and pressure in the absence of air –Coal is mixed with oxygen to produce syngas –Pollutants such as CO 2, NO X, Hg, and SO 2 are stripped from the gas stream –Syngas powers a gas turbine that spins a generator

11. Syngas from coal C + H 2 O → CO + H 2 C + H 2 O → CO + H 2 C + O 2 → CO 2 C + O 2 → CO 2 CO 2 + C → 2CO CO 2 + C → 2CO CO 2 from IGCC plants is “capture ready” and could be sequestered more easily than PC plant emissions CO 2 from IGCC plants is “capture ready” and could be sequestered more easily than PC plant emissions 11

12. 12 IGCC process cont. –Excess and latent heat are used to heat water –A steam turbine spins a generator –Using what would have been pollutants, products like fuels (synthetic natural gas), fertilizers, and industrial chemicals are made IGCC plants have obtained 60% efficiency IGCC plants have obtained 60% efficiency

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14. 14 Block diagram of IGCC process. Method is simplified slightly, but includes each major step associated with all IGCC methods. Specific power plants will have modifications based on geography, climate, water supply, etc. Source: U.S. EPA, reference [12]

15. IGCC technology GE: gasifiers, Siemens: turbines, Mitsubishi heavy industries GE: gasifiers, Siemens: turbines, Mitsubishi heavy industries 250 MW plants operational in Buggenum, Netherlands, Nakaso, Japan 250 MW plants operational in Buggenum, Netherlands, Nakaso, Japan 2 operating in US: Wabash River Power Station West Terre Haute, Indiana, and Polk Power Station in Tampa, Florida (online since 1996) 2 operating in US: Wabash River Power Station West Terre Haute, Indiana, and Polk Power Station in Tampa, Florida (online since 1996) 15

16. 16 IGCC vs. PC IGCC is more efficient by nearly 20% IGCC is more efficient by nearly 20% >90% of the Hg is removed >90% of the Hg is removed CO 2 is easily sequestered, and less is produced CO 2 is easily sequestered, and less is produced Fly ash is captured as a glassy slag Fly ash is captured as a glassy slag PC is cheaper, more established tech. PC is cheaper, more established tech. IGCC is the future of coal power production IGCC is the future of coal power production

17. 17 And…? Decreasing pollution benefits public health and environment Decreasing pollution benefits public health and environment Increased efficiency will help, not hurt, the coal industry Increased efficiency will help, not hurt, the coal industry IGCC is much more expensive, but the benefits will eventually outweigh costs. IGCC is much more expensive, but the benefits will eventually outweigh costs. Regulations are becoming more and more stringent, making it harder for PC plants to comply Regulations are becoming more and more stringent, making it harder for PC plants to comply

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23. Clear Skies Initiative 2000 actual emissions, tons Emissions by 2010, tons Emissions by 2018, tons SO211.24.53 NOx5.12.1*1.7 Mercury482615 Feburary 27, 2003 Feburary 27, 2003 We’ll know soon if these standards are actually met We’ll know soon if these standards are actually met 23

24. 24 What is happening now* The DOA has sponsored the $1 billion FutureGen project The DOA has sponsored the $1 billion FutureGen project –11 major energy companies –First near-zero emission coal plant –Takes IGCC a step further; syngas is nearly pure H 2 Of the 154 proposed new coal plants in the US, 28 will use IGCC Of the 154 proposed new coal plants in the US, 28 will use IGCC

25. What is happening now FutureGen has evolved from an IGCC R&D demonstration to a carbon capture and sequester commercial-scale effort FutureGen has evolved from an IGCC R&D demonstration to a carbon capture and sequester commercial-scale effort –Eliminated H 2 production for time being Build multiple 300 MW plants, each with the ability to sequester more than 1 million tons/yr of CO 2 Build multiple 300 MW plants, each with the ability to sequester more than 1 million tons/yr of CO 2 Approximately 400,000 households/plant Approximately 400,000 households/plant 25

26. 26 What’s going on now (cont.) New regulations are taking effect constantly, but the Bush administration has allowed many exemptions New regulations are taking effect constantly, but the Bush administration has allowed many exemptions Power plant emissions still must be cut Power plant emissions still must be cut Recently, TXU tried to hurry through 15 PC power plants before new regulations take effect in late 2007, but were stifled Recently, TXU tried to hurry through 15 PC power plants before new regulations take effect in late 2007, but were stifled

27. The future IGCC will be viable when the economics catch up to the technology IGCC will be viable when the economics catch up to the technology PC emissions must be improved in the meantime, and regulations are being implemented PC emissions must be improved in the meantime, and regulations are being implemented Alternative energy options will become available, but America has so much coal that it will be an energy source for many years Alternative energy options will become available, but America has so much coal that it will be an energy source for many years 27

28. 28 THE END THE END Questions, comments, and discussions Questions, comments, and discussions

29. Sources Abt Associates, Inc. (2004, June). Power Plant Emissions: Particulate Matter-Related Health Damages and the Benefits of Alternative Emission Reduction Scenarios. Retrieved April 10, 2007 from http://www.abtassociates.com/Page.cfm?PageID=18001&SR=1 Abt Associates, Inc. (2004, June). Power Plant Emissions: Particulate Matter-Related Health Damages and the Benefits of Alternative Emission Reduction Scenarios. Retrieved April 10, 2007 from http://www.abtassociates.com/Page.cfm?PageID=18001&SR=1 http://www.abtassociates.com/Page.cfm?PageID=18001&SR=1 Blankinship, S. (2006, Nov). Getting IGCC a Seat at the Table. Power Engineering, Vol. 110, Iss.11, 23. Blankinship, S. (2006, Nov). Getting IGCC a Seat at the Table. Power Engineering, Vol. 110, Iss.11, 23. Captain, S. (2007, Feb). Turning Black Coal Green, Popular Science. Retrieved April 10, 2007 from: Captain, S. (2007, Feb). Turning Black Coal Green, Popular Science. Retrieved April 10, 2007 from: http://www.popsci.com/popsci/science/3e2f391531470110vgnvcm1000004eecbccdrcrd.html http://www.popsci.com/popsci/science/3e2f391531470110vgnvcm1000004eecbccdrcrd.html http://www.popsci.com/popsci/science/3e2f391531470110vgnvcm1000004eecbccdrcrd.html FutureGen. (2006, Dec). A Sequestration and Hydrogen Research Initiative: Project Update. Washington, DC: U.S. Departament of Energy. Retrieved February 28, 2007 from http://www.fossil.energy.gov/programs/powersystems/futuregen/Futuregen_ProjectUpdate_December 2006.pdf FutureGen. (2006, Dec). A Sequestration and Hydrogen Research Initiative: Project Update. Washington, DC: U.S. Departament of Energy. Retrieved February 28, 2007 from http://www.fossil.energy.gov/programs/powersystems/futuregen/Futuregen_ProjectUpdate_December 2006.pdf http://www.fossil.energy.gov/programs/powersystems/futuregen/Futuregen_ProjectUpdate_December 2006.pdf http://www.fossil.energy.gov/programs/powersystems/futuregen/Futuregen_ProjectUpdate_December 2006.pdf Javetski, J. (2006, Oct.). Generation Technology. Power, Vol. 150, Iss. 8, 55. Javetski, J. (2006, Oct.). Generation Technology. Power, Vol. 150, Iss. 8, 55. Miles, K. and R. Rigdon. (2006, Jun/Jul). Clean Coal Technology: The Cleaner Coal Option. Power Engineering International, Vol. 14, Iss. 6, 37. Miles, K. and R. Rigdon. (2006, Jun/Jul). Clean Coal Technology: The Cleaner Coal Option. Power Engineering International, Vol. 14, Iss. 6, 37. Modern Power Systems (Editors). (2006, Nov). IGCC vs PC -- a US EPA perspective. Modern Power Systems, Vol. 26 Iss. 11, 21-24. Modern Power Systems (Editors). (2006, Nov). IGCC vs PC -- a US EPA perspective. Modern Power Systems, Vol. 26 Iss. 11, 21-24. National Energy Technology Laboratory. (2006). Carbon Sequestration Technology Roadmap and Program Plan, 2006 Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Energy. Retrieved on February 26, 2007, from http://www.fossil.energy.gov/programs/sequestration/ National Energy Technology Laboratory. (2006). Carbon Sequestration Technology Roadmap and Program Plan, 2006 Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Energy. Retrieved on February 26, 2007, from http://www.fossil.energy.gov/programs/sequestration/ http://www.fossil.energy.gov/programs/sequestration/ Phillips, J. Coal Gasification 101, Electric Power Research Institute, Power Point presentation from June 28-29, 2006, Gasification Technologies Workshop in Bismarck, ND. [11] U.S. Department of Energy. (n.d.). Carbon Sequestration R&D Overview. Washington, DC: U.S. Departament of Energy. Retrieved April 10, 2007 from http://www.fossil.energuy.gov/programs/sequestration/overview.html Phillips, J. Coal Gasification 101, Electric Power Research Institute, Power Point presentation from June 28-29, 2006, Gasification Technologies Workshop in Bismarck, ND. [11] U.S. Department of Energy. (n.d.). Carbon Sequestration R&D Overview. Washington, DC: U.S. Departament of Energy. Retrieved April 10, 2007 from http://www.fossil.energuy.gov/programs/sequestration/overview.html http://www.fossil.energuy.gov/programs/sequestration/overview.html U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. (2006). Final Report: Environmental Footprints and Costs of Coal-Based Integrated Gastification Combined Cycle and Pulverized Coal Technologies. Washington, DC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Retrieved February 26, 2007 from http://www.gasification.org/Docs/News/2006/EPA%20-%20IGCC%20cf%20PC.pdf U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. (2006). Final Report: Environmental Footprints and Costs of Coal-Based Integrated Gastification Combined Cycle and Pulverized Coal Technologies. Washington, DC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Retrieved February 26, 2007 from http://www.gasification.org/Docs/News/2006/EPA%20-%20IGCC%20cf%20PC.pdfhttp://www.gasification.org/Docs/News/2006/EPA%20-%20IGCC%20cf%20PC.pdf D. Yogi Goswami, Frank Kreith, Energy Conversion, CRC Publishers, 2008 http://books.google.com/books?id=qBB00M5pe84C&pg=PT219&lpg=PT219&dq=LVH+efficiency+coal&source=web&ots=w8 Smbb3XML&sig=zKzat6ylQvLN0l1m0x87JkuqDkU&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=2&ct=result D. Yogi Goswami, Frank Kreith, Energy Conversion, CRC Publishers, 2008 http://books.google.com/books?id=qBB00M5pe84C&pg=PT219&lpg=PT219&dq=LVH+efficiency+coal&source=web&ots=w8 Smbb3XML&sig=zKzat6ylQvLN0l1m0x87JkuqDkU&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=2&ct=result http://books.google.com/books?id=qBB00M5pe84C&pg=PT219&lpg=PT219&dq=LVH+efficiency+coal&source=web&ots=w8 Smbb3XML&sig=zKzat6ylQvLN0l1m0x87JkuqDkU&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=2&ct=result http://books.google.com/books?id=qBB00M5pe84C&pg=PT219&lpg=PT219&dq=LVH+efficiency+coal&source=web&ots=w8 Smbb3XML&sig=zKzat6ylQvLN0l1m0x87JkuqDkU&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=2&ct=result 29