1. Sexuality Education The Whole Picture? Gaye McDowell University of Otago College of Education, & Gayna McConnell Family Planning Health Promotion

2. Define- Sex Sexuality

3. Whakatauki Me te tangata ma te wahine Ka ora au to iwi ka piki Ki runga I nga maunga teitei It is through both the male and the female that the iwi will flourish and rise to the top of the mountain

4. Learning Intentions What is Sexuality Education? Why have Sexuality Education? What are the learning needs around sexuality education for our young people? Explore Sexuality Education and its place in the New Zealand Curriculum Experience learning activities that meet the needs of students

5. Looking Back… What was your sexuality education like growing up? ~Pair/Share What do you wish you learnt about Relationships/Sex/Sexuality before you left school? ~ post box activity

6. Messages Where do young people today receive messages about sexuality from? What messages are they receiving?

7. Facilitator: Gayna Halkett

8. Sexual Behaviours By AgeEver had Sexual Intercourse Currently Sexually Active 13 or less20.2 %10.8 % 1427.1 %14.4 % 1539.2 %28.2 % 1646.1 %33.4 % 17 or more53.7 %39.6 % http://www.youth2000.ac.nz/publications/reports-1142.htm

9. High Risk Sex~ Among those sexually active AgeInconsistent Contra use (condoms &/or Contraception) 3 or more partners in past 3 months 13 or less17.3 %39.4 % 1418.3 %21.4 % 1514.2 %21.4 % 1613.8 %15.8 % 17 or more13.1%12.8 %

10. Sexually Healthy…? By AgeTalked with Partner about Preventing Babies Talked to Partner about Preventing Bugs 13 or less50.8 %35.3 % 1459.3 %41.1 % 1572.1 %45.9 % 1679.0 %46 % 17 or older83.8 %50.0 %

11. Gender 3 or more partners in past 3 months Talked with partner about preventing Babies Use condoms most of the time Sexual attraction ~Same sex/Both /Not sure Male 26.0 %64.3 %76.0 %6.5 % Female 11.9 %81.7 %66.0 %9.4 % Ever had Sex Currently Sexually Active Male37.6 %24.9 % Female34.8 %25.4 %

12. Pleasure/ Enjoyment?? By Age Enjoy Having Sex~ (very much/ a lot) 13 or less65.5 % 1470.2 % 1572.4 % 1678.8 % 17 or more78.6 % Enjoy Having Sex~ Female64.9 % Male82.1 %

13. Sexually Sorted… The Netherlands has one of the lowest teenage birth rates & lowest teenage abortion rates in the developed world. (9/1000 pregnancies 15-19 yr olds. NZ rates are 28.4/1000, USA 45/1000). These rates are due to open and supportive attitudes towards sexuality, contraception and sexuality education. Sexual relationships are discussed at an early age. Also report higher average age at first intercourse, lower levels of subsequent regret, higher levels of contraceptive use and effectiveness

14. Fear Vs Normality… Dramatization of Adolescent Sexuality- America Raging Hormones Out of Control Dramatic & conflicted, forces overwhelm the individual The Battle Between the Sexes “Girls want love & boys want sex” The belief young people do not feel real love. “Not Under My Roof” Emotional discomfort with children’s sexuality Children must separate from parents

15. The Dutch Courage… Normalisation of Adolescent Sexuality- The Netherlands Self Regulated Sexuality Assume adolescents can be self regulating sexual beings, “being ready” Relationships Between the Sexes Relational metaphors re adolescent sexuality- relationships & loves Assume adolescents can & do fall in love. Gender differences not an influence. Normal and Not Secretive Sexuality is discussed openly without embarrassment or shame. No need for emotional separation from parents.

16. Present Picture~ Revisited Where does our society sit regarding our construct of adolescence? Do we give of young people the message we TRUST them with their own sexuality and sexual journeys? Is there still a emotional discomfort with adolescent sexuality?

17. Alcohol High correlation between alcohol use and unsafe sexual practices and encounters that are later regretted. Young people report that under the influence of alcohol, they are less likely to use contraception, have more risky sex, early sex, sex with someone they haven’t known long, or sex they later regretted. More than a third of all students reported an episode of binge drinking in the previous 4 weeks (youth 2000)

18. STI Facts Young people remain at high risk of STIs with those aged less than 25 years having the highest rates of consultation for chlamydia, gonorrhoea, and genital warts Chlamydia trachomatis infection is the most commonly diagnosed STI in New Zealand. It is the silent infection, and extremely prevalent in our youth population. 70% of females & 50% of males have no symptoms. If not treated, studies suggest there is a 25% chance of infertility (especially if infected more than once).

19. STI Statistics Globally HIV most commonly passed through heterosexual sex. In NZ last year a 17 year old young women caught HIV from her first sexual partner. There were 156 new case of HIV/AIDs diagnosed in NZ in 2007 NZ AIDs Foundation. 60 cases through hetrosexual contact, 71 cases through MSM contact. NZ AIDs Foundation. Genital warts remains the most common viral infection diagnosed and in SHCs the rate was highest in the 15 –19 years age group. Syphilis in 2006, increased of 44.7% from 2005 Sexually Transmitted Infections in New Zealand Annual Surveillance Report 2006

20. HPV… Human Papillomavirus HPV virus’s are like dust, they are present in up to 80% of sexually active people. More than 100 types have been identified, most of the time the body rids its self of the virus. Except HPV 16 & HPV 18, they account for majority of cervical cancers. HPV 6 & HPV 11 are associated with external genital warts. Gardasil~ A vaccine against types 6/11 & 16/18. 70% effective against cervical cancer & 90% effective against genital warts. 3 injections required (over 6 months) Offered free to young women aged 12 to 18. (School based vaccination starting 2009)

21. Teenage Pregnancy NZ ranks second highest among OECD countries for teenage birth rate (28/1000). Young Maori women and young Pacific women have disproportionately high birth rates (55/1000). Pregnancy in adolescence is strongly associated with subsequent disadvantages including educational underachievement, unemployment and poverty. NZ now has 17 Teen Parenting Units nationwide.

22. Abortion Criteria is outlined in Section 187A of the Crimes Act 1961: Pregnancy must be no more than 20 weeks gestation. Continuing the pregnancy would result in serious danger to the physical or mental health of the woman, that there would be substantial risk to the child being physically or mentally abnormal, and if the pregnancy was the result of rape or incest. Legal at any age for a woman to seek or refuse to consent to an abortion. A person under 16 does not need parental consent (Care of Children Act, 2004, section 38)

23. Adoption The number of non-family adoptions in New Zealand grew from about 1,000 in the 1950s to over 2,500 in the late 1960s, before steadily declining to the point where there are only about 100 per year today. Since the early 1990s, New Zealand has favoured a system called "Open Adoption". In this there is some level of ongoing contact between members of the ‘adoption triad' (adoptive family, biological family, & adopted child). The role of Adoption Services at Child, Youth and Family is to provide advice and services on adoption both within New Zealand and from other countries. The birth father's rights are subject to legal definition. They have recently been strengthened by the Care of Children Act 2004. If a biological father has been living with the child’s mother in a similar situation to a marriage arrangement during the pregnancy or at the time of the birth he and the birth mother are required to sign the consent forms before an adoption can proceed

24. Sexuality Tree Branches/Leaves- Branches/Leaves- What Healthy Sexuality Looks like ~ What we want young people to Be (wellbeing, attitudes and values) ~ What we want young people to Be (wellbeing, attitudes and values) Trunk- Trunk- Knowlegde & Skills to have a Healthy Sexuality. ~Want them to know & Do ~Want them to know & Do Roots- Roots-. Factors & Influences that Impact on Sexuality & Well Being (Socio-ecological perspective) (Socio-ecological perspective)

25. WORLD HEALTH ORGANISATION DEFINES SEXUALITY AS: “A state of dynamic harmony between the body, mind and spirit of a person and the social and cultural influences which make up his/her environment”

26. Sexuality Education Sexuality Education is a lifelong process. It provides students with the knowledge, understanding and skills to develop positive attitudes towards sexuality, to take care of their sexual health and to enhance their interpersonal relationships, now and in the future. Health and Physical Education in the New Zealand Curriculum, 1999, p.38

27. Balance A balanced approach to sexuality education includes not only the facts, but also time to delvelop personal and interpersonal skills and related attitudes and values. These aspects are as crucial to effective sex education as is learning about reproduction and contraception. Ministry of Education (2002)

28. Awareness and Expression of Sexuality Birth Puberty Menopause Death

29. Where do our ideas suddenly come from? Cultural Influences ME SELF ESTEEM DECISION MAKING SKILLS COMMUNICATION SKILLS

30. What the Curriculums require

31. Students will require a range of learning opportunities in sexuality education which include: 1. Sexual development 3 main dimensions are: 2. Sexual reproductive health What is sexual reproductive health? 3. Personal and interpersonal skills Outline the learning opportunities 4. Enhancing relationships 4 key words for enhancing relationships are:

32. Why have Sexuality Education? Sexual development (growth:physical, emotional, social) Sexual and reproductive health (eg knowledge of conception, STIs) Personal and interpersonal skills and related attitudes (eg decision making, respect for themselves and others, communication skills) Understandings and skills to enhance relationships (eg friendships, families, love)

33. Legislative Requirements School boards of every state school must now implement the health curriculum in accordance with section 60B of the Education Standards Act 2001 At least every two years the school board is required to:  Prepare a draft statement about the delivery of the health curriculum, including sexual education programmes,  Consult with the school community BEFORE adopting the statement Section 25AA allows caregivers to write to the principal to request that their children be excluded from parts of the health programme related to sexuality education

34. Continued Teachers are able to answer any questions raised by students that relate to sexuality education Young people of any age can have access to advice on the use of contraception or to the supply of contraceptive devices. Deciding to include contraception education in programmes must be part of the consultation process

35. A Holistic Approach Based on the concept of Hauora Recognising that sexuality has social, mental and emotional, and spiritual dimensions as well as physical Health and Physical Education in the New Zealand Curriculum, 1999, p.31

36. Health Promotion Skills to take care of their sexual health and identify access and support Supported by policies and practices and links with relevant community agencies Health and Physical Education in the New Zealand Curriculum, 1999, p.32

37. Socio-ecological Perspective The social and cultural influences that shape the way people learn about and express their sexuality eg, gender roles, body image, discrimination, equity, media, culturally based beliefs and values, and law Health and Physical Education in the New Zealand Curriculum, 1999, p.33

38. Attitudes and Values Care and concern for self and others Examining attitudes, values and beliefs Understand rights and responsibilities Health and Physical Education in the New Zealand Curriculum, 1999, p.34

39. ERO's Findings 2007 “Representatives from MOH, MOE, Women's Affairs, Youth Development, Social Development, PI Affairs and Te Puni Kokiri have a cross sector approach to reduce the number of young people woth sexually transmitted infections, reduce the rate of unplanned pregnancies and improve teenagers abilities to avoid and deal effectively with coercive and other abusive behaviour”  The Ministry of Youth Affairs asked ERO to undertake an evaluation of sexuality educations for students Yr7-13. This was done in Term 2 & 3 2006.  100 Yrs7-13 (full Primary, Intermediate and Secondary Schools)

40. Majority of Sexuality programmes were not meeting student learning needs effectively Weaknesses Assessing learning in Sexuality Education Meeting the needs of diverse groups of students 2/3rds needed to improve their performance significantly in the above areas Strengths Good examples of whole school community working together to identify and respond to student needs good governance and consultation planning and content relevant, teachers strong rapport with students, good support networks

41. Recommendations for Schools Develop and implement schools wide guidelines for the planning, development and delivery of SE Collect and analyse and use assessment information to track students progress and achievement and adapt programmes to meet students' need Consult with community every 2 years Provide students with a safe and inclusive learning environment in SE Ensure stduents have information about support services

42. Continued Develop their capability to deliver sexuality education Use of Outside Providers – Ensure that:  The OP delivers an indentified part of the planned programme, contribution is integrated into the overall approach, schools review and monitor the quality and effectiveness of the programme Regularly review the appropriateness of their sexuality education resources

43. Give 5 reasons why you think sexuality needs to be taught

44. Sexuality Education More than just the first three letters

45. Reference List Adolescent Health Research Group. (2003). New Zealand Youth: A profile of their health and wellbeing. Auckland: University of Auckland. www.youth2000.ac.nzwww.youth2000.ac.nz Allen, L. (2005). Sexual subjects: young people, sexuality and education. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: New York: Palgrave Macmillan. De Jong, J.E. (1991). Sexuality and the young christian. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Baker Book House. Lenderyou, G. (1994). Sex education: A school-based perspective. Sexual and marital therapy. Vol.9, no. 2. Ministry of Education. (1999). Health and physical education in the New Zealand curriculum. Wellington: Learning Media. Ministry of Education. (2002). Sexuality Education: Revised guide for principals, boards of trustees and teachers. Wellington: Learning Media. Wilson, P. (1991). When sex is the subject: attitudes and answers for young children: suggestions for teachers, parents and other care providers of children to age 10. Santa Cruz: Network.